Three experiments investigated learned helplessness in rats manipulating response topography within-subject and different intervals between treatment and tests among groups. In Experiment 1, rats previously exposed to inescapable shocks were tested under an escape contingency where either jumping or nose poking was required to terminate shocks; tests were run either 1, 14 or 28 days after treat...

To enter the teaching profession, apart from basic requirements set by the government, there are many other ‘rules of the game’ and ‘open secret criteria’ determining who gets included or excluded from being a teacher. The culture of aafnojat (person from own caste) and aafnomanchhe (own relatives) are found to be the most prominent ones. In this paper, I discuss that the issue of inclusion and...

“There are the patients we want to see and the patients we have to see,” my attending cautioned during my medical internship. When we relate to a patient’s story, enjoy the conversation, feel capable or curious, we naturally spend more time. What happens when we struggle to connect, when a patient declines treatment, or has many complex issues that we feel incapable of addressing?What happens w...

This paper reviews the psychology (P) of psychoneuroendocrinology (PNE). The relationship between the P factors and the endocrine responses (E) is described within cognitive reformulations of stress theory and activation theory. The formulations are valid across species, including man. The emphasis is on acquired expectancies, which are assumed to determine the physiological response, including...

The search for communicative settings for reflection concerning the exercise and practice of nursing based on bioethical frameworks sought to comprehend how participant nurses interpret the reality of their praxis vis-à-vis the observance of justice. The focal group technique was used for data collection and the latter was analyzed using Grounded Theory. Three phenomena were identified: concept...

This panel study examined the reactions of 187 federal government employees aged 45 and older during the initial phase of a large-scale downsizing and 20 months later. There were few significant differences in the reactions of older men and women. Respondents in management positions reported significantly more positive attitudes toward their job and the organization than did respondents in nonm...

The study was undertaken at a play therapy unit in a Swedish hospital. The purpose was directed toward investigating what takes place during play therapy when children were given the opportunity to use expressive arts such as clay, paint, and/or textile, and the meaning children input into their art objects. The study describes an approach to working with hospitalized children when they visited...

Retarded children show marked susceptibility to learned helplessness. Three experiments illustrate how adults may foster this helplessness. In Experiment 1, college students reported causal attributions for failure and expectancies of future success for either "a 6-year-old child" or "a 9-year-old mentally retarded child with a mental age of 6 years." In Experiment 2, students reported attribut...

~ ~ ~ I ne of the critical elements that under 1 1 girds my commitment to patient care \ ^ J is the vantage point I have had in wit± nessing the human spirit . Harry Truman once said, "The way in which you endure that which you must endure is more important than the crisis itself." Patients in acute care facilities experience crises in varying degrees of severity. Some patients meet this challe...