Şüphe kavramı tarihi süreçte epistemolojik anlamda dinlerin ve felsefenin ortak meselesi olagelmiştir. Felsefe tarihinde derinlemesine çeşitlilik içinde kullanılan bu kavram, İslam düşüncesinde daha işlevsel bir şekilde araştırma sorgulama amaçlı kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda felsefe açısından septik, metodik fideistik olmak üzere üç şüphe türünden bahsedilebilir. türlerinden ilki olan septik ink...

A test is described that could replace bacitracin susceptibility for presumptive identification of group A streptococci as well as 6.5% NaCl agar tolerance for presumptive identification of enterococcal streptococci. The L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-naphthylamide test, based on hydrolysis of pyrrolidonyl-beta-naphthylamide, was used in conjunction with the CAMP and bile-esculin tests to presumptively id...

The tadpole larva of an ascidian develops 40 notochord cells in the center of its tail. Most of the notochord cells originate from the A-line precursors, among which inductive interactions are required for the subsequent differentiation of notochord. The presumptive-endoderm blastomeres or presumptive-notochord blastomeres themselves are inducers of notochord formation. Notochord induction take...

Stern and McClintock’s (1998) recent finding of ‘definitive evidence of human pheromones’ and ‘confirmation’ of the mechanism underlying ‘menstrual synchrony’ is indeed spectacular. However, they disregarded the methodological critiques (Wilson, 1992; Strassmann, 1997) and negative evidence (Jarett, 1984; Wilson et al., 1991; Trevathan et al., 1993; Strassmann, 1997) that undermine the original...

Call the following the storage hypothesis : degreed beliefs are stable attitudes of agents that can be appealed to for predicting and explaining patterns of behavior, judgment, and decision making. [1] the storage hypothesis is that humans have, or it is as if we have, degrees of belief, and our judgment and decision making across a wide range of situations is systematically predicted by them (...

People feel, think, and act differently when doubt rather than confidence is accessible. A traditional perspective on the accessibility of doubt holds that multiple sources of doubt activation should lead to increased levels of uncertainty. In contrast, we find that under some conditions two sequential sources of doubt activation result in decreased levels of uncertainty. We suggest that this f...

We demonstrate quantitatively that, as predicted by evolutionary theory, sequences of homologous proteins from different species converge as we go further and further back in time. The converse, a non-evolutionary model can be expressed as probabilities, and the test works for chloroplast, nuclear and mitochondrial sequences, as well as for sequences that diverged at different time depths. Even...

The Alcohol breath test (ABT), commonly known by its commercial name as the “Breathalyzer,” is a device made popular in the United States and used by law enforcement agencies throughout the world to assess and determine the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of individuals suspected of driving under the influence (DUI). 2, 3 With increased popularity of the automobile in the late 19 century, tra...