This paper considers the second-best policy problem that arises when auto travel is priced below its marginal cost and there is a substitute mass transit mode. Using analytical methods, a global comparison is made between the second-best levels of transit service and the fare and their first-best levels. The fact that the results are global permits an application to road pricing not possible wi...

This paper examines some standard open-economy New Keynesian models to address the question of how globalisation affects the inflation process. Specifically, it investigates how the Phillips curve for consumer price inflation in a country is affected by openness, and how the optimal choice of monetary policy is influenced by openness. The paper compares models that assume producer currency pric...

Background The affordability and financing of new, frequently high-cost, medicines pose challenges to governments world-wide. In Europe, the continual introduction of new premium-priced medicines is of special concern and requires adapted policy options. The aim of the study was to survey whether and which pricing and reimbursement policy options European countries have implemented for new prem...

The Internet continues to grow as a medium to support commerce. Economic analysis of Internet commerce is still in a nascent stage while Internet technology and use has rapidly advanced. The result is an Internet marketplace brimming with entrepreneurs and major corporations experimenting with business strategies and technology advances even though the economics of Internet commerce is not well...

Predatory pricing—a deliberate strategy of pricing aggressively in order to eliminate competitors—is one of the more contentious areas of antitrust policy and its existence and efficacy are widely debated. The purpose of this paper is to formally characterizes predatory pricing in a modern industry dynamics framework. We endogenize competitive advantage and industry structure through learning-b...

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new robust cycle-based control policy for single installation inventory models with non-stationary uncertain demand. The policy is simple, flexible, easily implementable and preliminary numerical experiments suggest that the policy has very promising empirical performance. The policy can be used both when the excess demand is backlogged as well as when it is...

The two key resources in an IP Telephony network are the Internet Telephony Gateways (ITGs) and the IP network. These resources must be effectively managed to simultaneously provide good QoS to calls and maximize network resource utilization. This paper presents two main contributions. First, we design a call admission policy based on congestion sensitive pricing. As the load increases, this po...

INTRODUCTION Inadequate access to essential medicines is a common issue within developing countries. Policy response is constrained, amongst other factors, by a dearth of in-depth country level evidence. We share here i) gaps related to access to essential medicine in Pakistan; and ii) prioritization of emerging policy and research concerns. METHODS An exploratory research was carried out usi...

today, a way of gaining constant and dynamic development is reforming of the ownerships structure, from governmental ownership to privatization ownership. so this policy in many countries, especially in developing countries, as a strategic policy has been used. compilation and performing principle 44, s policies of iran islamic republic law constitution which parliament has confirmed. one of th...

This paper analyzes optimal pricing for information goods under incomplete information, when both unlimited-usage (fixed-fee) pricing and usage-based pricing are feasible. For a general set of customer characteristics, it is shown that in the presence of contract administration costs, offering fixed-fee pricing in addition to a non-linear usage-based pricing scheme is always profitimproving, an...