BACKGROUND Intramuscular benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is widely used for the treatment of syphilis. However, BPG is not available in some countries. This study examined the effectiveness and safety of high-dose oral amoxicillin plus probenecid for the treatment of syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). METHODS This retrospective observational study included 28...

The contribution of organic anion transporters to the total efflux of 17beta-estradiol-D-17beta-glucuronide (E(2)17betaG) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was investigated using the Brain Efflux Index method by examining the inhibitory effects of probenecid, taurocholate (TCA), p-aminohippurate (PAH), and digoxin. E(2)17betaG was eliminated through the BBB with a rate constant of 0.037 min...

Cimetidine is known to cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with organic cations in the kidney, and a previous clinical study showed that coadministration of cimetidine or probenecid with fexofenadine (FEX) decreased its renal clearance. FEX was taken up into human kidney by human organic anion transporter (hOAT) 3 (SLC22A8), but the mechanism of its luminal efflux has not been clarified. The pr...

Zonampanel monohydrate ([2,3-dioxo-7-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-quinoxalinyl] acetic acid monohydrate, YM872) is a novel alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist. In humans, almost all administered zonampanel is excreted in the urine unchanged. Furthermore, zonampanel is transported by human organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, and OAT3 but...

Antibiotic efflux is observed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, modulating accumulation and resistance. The present study examines whether eukaryotic and prokaryotic fluoroquinolone transporters can cooperate in the context of an intracellular infection. We have used (i) J774 macrophages (comparing a ciprofloxacin-resistant cell line overexpressing an MRP-like transporter with wild-type...

Zonampanel monohydrate (YM872; [2,3-dioxo-7-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-quinoxalinyl]acetic acid monohydrate) is a novel alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist. The major elimination route for zonampanel has been reported to be by urine via the kidneys. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the renal...