The authors review and summarize evidence for the process of acquisition of information outside of conscious awareness (covariations, nonconscious indirect and interactive inferences, self-perpetuation of procedural knowledge). Data indicate that as compared with consciously controlled cognition, the nonconscious information-acquisition processes are not only much faster but are also structural...

It has been well recognized that human makes use of both declarative memory and procedural memory for decision making and problem solving. In this paper, we propose a computational model with the overall architecture and individual processes for realizing the interaction between the declarative and procedural memory based on self-organizing neural networks. We formalize two major types of memor...

What is the relationship between learners’ knowledge of concepts and their ability to execute procedural skills? In this paper, I draw from research in mathematics education, cognitive psychology, and developmental psychology in order to examine how knowledge of procedures and concepts has been studied and what conclusions have been reached about the relationship between them. Three observation...

The article at hand deals with students’ procedural knowledge, the frequency of technology use (CAS, graphics calculators) during mathematics education in upper secondary level and their self-assessed knowledge. In this study, participating students (representative sample Austrian high school final year, n=455) had to solve procedural, curriculum-related tasks without any aids (neither nor form...

The goal of the EVER project (Extraction and Processing of Procedural Experience Knowledge in Workflows), funded by the German Research Foundation, is to investigate new methods in Process-Oriented Case-Based Reasoning and related fields for extracting, representing, and processing procedural experiential knowledge in Internet communities. This paper summarizes the main achievements of the firs...

When reasoning about knowledge of procedures under imperfect information, the explicit representation of epistemic possibilities blows up the S5-like models of standard epistemic logic. To overcome this drawback, in this paper, we propose a new logical framework based on compact models without epistemic accessibility relations for reasoning about knowledge of procedures. Inspired by the 3-value...

The number of complaints university lecturers make about a lack knowledge, especially first-year students’ procedural has increased recently. Due to missing adequate empirical evidence, survey knowledge among students Austrian high schools in their final year was conducted. For this purpose, test items for were created, validated and processed by total 455 without technology formula booklets. b...