BACKGROUND The clinicopathologic characteristics of tumors expressing programmed death (PD-1) ligands (PD-Ls) PD-L1 or PD-L2 and their associations with common driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma are not clearly defined, despite the progression of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. METHODS PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry in 143 surgically resected lung adenocar...

Historically, lung cancer was long considered a poorly immunogenic malignancy. In recent years, however, immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutic agents in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). To date, the best characterized and most therapeutically relevant immune checkpoints have been cytotoxic Tlymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and the programmed cell death pr...