In this article, I study how Imāmī imams ʿAlī al-Hādī (d. 868 CE) and al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī 874 attempted to police boundaries. While their excommunications have hitherto been treated through the lens of doctrinal discipline, argue that we should not situate doctrine within practice. Religious leaders like Imams used politics boundaries in order meet challenges authority. By studying acts excommu...

Abstract Many Canadian Muslim couples are hesitant to resort civil legal processes and attempt resolve their disputes within the religious community. Islamic law’s exclusion of non-Muslim judges from holding judicial authority in certain family law matters limits feasibility aligning commands with court orders. By extrapolating contemporary opinions ( fatāwā , sing. fatwā ) issued by institutio...

the issue of muhammad's illiteracy and the issues around it have been important debatable topics for a long time. this issue has both positive and negative news. opponents commonly attribute ommy to ommolghora that is the same mecca. however, advocates emphasize to prophet's illiteracy based on verse 48 (spider) and other qur'anic verses. there abundance of historical and anecdot...

This work proposes the Cultural Greedy Ant (CGrAnt) protocol to solve the problem of data delivery in opportunistic and intermittently connected networks referred to as Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). CGrAnt is a hybrid Swarm Intelligence-based forwarding protocol designed to address the dynamic and complex environment of DTNs. CGrAnt is based on: (1) Cultural Algorithms (CA) and Ant Colony Opt...

According to cohen venavi, a classic Hebrew essay by Ekhad Ha-Am, there are two ways of serving God: Priest and Prophet. The priest is a very skilled technician who knows by heart the 613 mitzvahs, and who can slaughter a lamb with due regard to the many rigorous and subtle laws. On the other hand, a prophet is often very clumsy in the day-to-day ritual, and is unable to sacrifice an animal pro...

This document is a product of the Delay Tolerant Networking Research Group and has been reviewed by that group. No objections to its publication as an RFC were raised. This document defines PRoPHET, a Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity. PRoPHET is a variant of the epidemic routing protocol for intermittently connected networks that operates by pruning th...

While most traditional works on the life of Prophet Muḥammad focus how his ostensible teachings and actions can be used as a template for human conduct, thirteenth-century Sufi thinker, Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn ‘Arabī (d. 638/1240), turns attention to spiritual significance inner reality Muḥammad. Ibn argues that seal prophets, was not only given Qur’an, which incorporated elements from previous revela...