The lateral electrical/electronic conductivity of alkanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles was evaluated at the air/water interface by using the Langmuir method. For particles with short protecting monolayers (C4Au and C5Au), the current–voltage profiles exhibited ohmic behaviors with conductivity several orders of magnitude smaller than that of bulk gold. The conductivity is found to decrea...

With the development of molecular biology, some DNA-based technologies have showed great potentiality in promoting the efficiency of crop breeding program, protecting germplasm resources, improving the quality and outputs of agricultural products, and protecting the eco-environment etc., making their roles in modern agriculture more and more important. To better understand the application of DN...

We develop a model to study the implications of a legal environment on software development and international trade. We show that the degree of contract enforcement a®ects the organizational mode (i.e., in-house or outsourcing) of customized software development. In autarky, a country with weak copyright protection develops customized software only, while a country with strong copyright protect...

Unique and challenging ethical difficulties arise during mobile psychiatric treatment of elderly patients. This article outlines and analyzes five of these challenges that have been encountered during nearly 20 years of experience with the Psychogeriatric Assessment and Treatment in City Housing Program in Baltimore, Maryland. The ethical challenges reviewed are: establishing the treatment cont...

Medicines from the Deep 2 ABOUT NRDC NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) is a national, nonprofit organization of scientists, lawyers, and environmental specialists dedicated to protecting public health and the environment. Founded in 1970, NRDC has more than 1 million members and online activists nationwide, served from offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. For ...

This paper presents a pragmatic approach to protect the integrity of execution of an application in a nomadic business environment. Applications run in such contexts are based on the federation of appliances collaborating through direct communication as well as through the distribution of mobile pieces of code. Securing the operation of an application means protecting mobile code since executio...

We enumerate and compare a number of security-enabling architectures for network clients. These architectures, either proposed as methodologies or currently implemented in software and/or hardware, are capable of protecting the client’s software integrity and its environment. The most important methodologies include the reference monitor model, firewalls and virtual machines. Software implement...