Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent and currently incurable conditions that progressively impair cognitive, behavioral, psychiatric functions of the central or peripheral nervous system. Fibrinogen, a macromolecular glycoprotein, plays crucial role in inflammatory response tissue repair human body interacts with various system cells due to its unique molecular structure. Accumulating evide...

Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare and newly described group of diseases involving autoantibodies directed against synaptic and neuronal cell surface antigens. It comprises a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Sensitive and specific diagnostic tests such as cell-based assay are primordial for the detection of neuronal cell surface antibodies in patients' cerebrospinal fluid or serum and de...

Psychiatric disorders are often associated with metabolic and hormonal alterations, including obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome as well as modifications in several biological rhythms including appetite, stress, sleep-wake cycles, and secretion of their corresponding endocrine regulators. Among the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate appetite and adapt the metabolism in response to nutri...

SARS-CoV-2, a new virus, which has been causing the catastrophic pandemic in world 2020, triggers numerous physiologic changes humans, with potentially fatal evolution due to COVID-19. COVID-19 can trigger immunoparalysis deep and silent immunosuppression state of tolerance that may elicit opportunities for neoplastic transformation or latent infectious diseases. In addition, all neurologic psy...

BACKGROUND An accurate understanding of co-occurrence and comorbidity of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in Colombia is crucial for public health. OBJECTIVE A secondary analysis was conducted, using a 2003/2004 government´s population database to determine the lifetime associations between AUD and other mental and addictive disorders in people of Colombia aged 18-65 years. METHODS Several stati...

Vitamin C (Vit C) is considered to be a vital antioxidant molecule in the brain. Intracellular Vit C helps maintain integrity and function of several processes in the central nervous system (CNS), including neuronal maturation and differentiation, myelin formation, synthesis of catecholamine, modulation of neurotransmission and antioxidant protection. The importance of Vit C for CNS function ha...

What makes CNS injury by pathogens different from other CNS afflictions such as stroke or Alzheimer’s Disease is well illustrated in the manuscripts of this volume. We will see that viral, bacterial, or prion-induced injuries are dynamic and varied. No two infection cases are the same due to host or agent factors. We will encounter pathogens that are shared with other species and some that rang...

Transcranial sonography is a highly sensitive noninvasive sonographic method for detection of early and specific echogenic changes in basal ganglia of patients with some neurodegenerative diseases. Transcranial sonography showed substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as a typical echo feature in idiopathic Parkinson disease and lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity as a characteristic finding in aty...

The evolution in the understanding of the neurobiology of most prevalent mental disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder or schizophrenia has not gone hand in hand with the synthesis and clinical use of new drugs that would represent a therapeutic revolution such as that brought about by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or atypical antipsychotics. Altho...

In the last few decades, a number of reciprocal associations between endocrine system dysfunctions and neurological or psychiatric manifestations have appeared, and only in the minority of the cases this link has been fully elucidated (1). Unfortunately, the complexity, and sometimes also the severity, of the clinical issues and the limited availability of reliable experimental models for the s...