A brief but broad survey is presented of the flows, forms and large-scale transformations of mass-energy in the universe, spanning a range of about twenty orders of magnitude (≈ mP lanck/mproton) in space, time and mass. Forms of energy considered include electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, gravitational energy and gravitational radiation, baryonic matter, dark matter, vacu...

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that gold nanoparticle (AuNP, nanogold)-enhanced radiation therapy (nanogold radiation therapy, NRT) is efficacious when treating the radiation resistant and highly aggressive mouse head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model, SCCVII, and to identify parameters influencing the efficacy of NRT. Subcutaneous (sc) SCCVII leg tumors in mice were i...

Gholami M1, Abedini MR2, Khossravi HR3, Akbari S4 1. Instructor, Department of medical physics, Faculty of medicine, Lorestan University of medical sciences 2. Assistant professor, Department of radiology, Faculty of medicine, Lorestan University of medical sciences 3. Assistant professor, Department of radiation protection, Iranian Atomic Energy Organization 4. Assistant professor, D...

Physics is the science that studies the interaction between matter and energy. This discipline studies the general properties of bodies, the forces that modify the transfer of energy and the interaction between particles. Physics now has many branches, and one of them is the Biomedical Physics. Biomedical Physics in Medicine applies the principles and methods of physics. This will generate new ...

I discuss recent advances being made in the physics and astrophysics of cosmic rays and cosmic γ-rays at the highest observed energies as well as the related physics and astrophysics of very high energy cosmic neutrinos. I also discuss the connections between these topics.

We discuss the basic difficulties in understanding the origin of the highest energy particles in the Universe the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR). It is difficult to imagine the sources they are accelerated in. Because of the strong attenuation of UHECR on their propagation from the sources to us these sources should be at cosmologically short distance from us but are currently not identif...

For developing countries like Pakistan, the paucity of reliable solar radiation data necessitates the development of empirical models. To develop such a model one could use various parameters. In this study, linear regression models are developed to estimate the monthly average daily global radiation using cloudiness data for Karachi, Pakistan for the period of 20 years (1990-2010). The results...

A new method to derive an upper limit on photon primaries from small data sets of air showers is developed which accounts for shower properties varying with the primary energy and arrival direction. Applying this method to the highest-energy showers recorded by the AGASA experiment, an upper limit on the photon fraction of 51% (67%) at a confidence level of 90% (95%) for primary energies above ...

establishing satisfactory estimation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial vital for research and management of water resources and ecosystems. determining the accurate method to estimate evaporation from reservoirs in the investigation and management of water resources is very important. hence, in this study eight empirical methods such as; makkink, debruin-kejiman, penman, priestley-ta...

A real time visualisation method, to be used in mobile gamma-spectrometric search operations using standard detector systems is presented. The new method, called deviation display, uses a modified waterfall display to present relative changes in spectral data over energy and time. Using unshielded (137)Cs and (241)Am point sources and different natural background environments, the behaviour of ...