Submerged Arc welding process is automated and semiautomated high deposition down hand welding process not vertical or over welding process, The fundamental difference of this welding process is that the Arc is not visible it is submerged into the flux. Weldment is fully submerged the heat loss is minimum and the thermal efficiency is very high up to 80-90%. A constant power sources and control...

One theory argues that state ownership of infrastructure is greater in poor countries because the social returns from investment exceed the private returns by a wider margin. Another theory argues that state ownership is greater when legal and political institutions provide weak enforcement of private property rights or weak limits on government excess. I test these theories using cross-country...

Ballast degradation can cause poor drainage, settlement and reduced lateral stability, which adversely affect railroad track safety and performance. Two indices are commonly used in the North American railroad industry to quantify the level of ballast degradation. These are (i) Fouling Index (FI) and (ii) Percentage Fouling (PF). Identifying these two traditional indices involve ballast samplin...