1 29 1 29 3 55 N RainGale of w. 2 5 65 56 N Fine and clear Intermittentes 3 7 6 55 W Rain 4 4 4 50 S Much rain Ophthalmia .5 5 7 59 W Rain O 6 8 8 5l NVV Foggy Pneumonia 7 7| 7? ^5 NVV Fine and clear 8 7 7 6*5 W ditto Scarlatina' 9 7 4| 60 SW Much rain 10 5 7i 64 W Brisk w. Fine Varicella 11 8 8 64 W 9 9 ^5 W Rain 13 30 L 30 60 W ditto ^ 14 68 SW Very fine 15 67 SW ditto 16" 29 9? 29 9h 68 SE d...

Rain plays a major impairment factor for propagation of electromagnetic waves in atmosphere for systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz. Several effects are noted such as depolarization, scintillation, interference due to scattering and extra attenuation which seems to increase with frequency. To mitigate its effect in satellite communication, knowledge of local rainfall statistics is nec...

Number 10 — In Part 1 of th~ essay, I I defined the problem of acid rain and briefly reviewed some of the voluminous scienM[c literature on the subject. In this part, I will examine the worldwide nature of the acid-rain problem, public perceptions of it, and some possible solutions. Many of the studies to date have indk cated that acid rain is rapidly becoming a worldwide problem. The portrayal...

The version 6 TRMM rainfall products showed significant improvements on satellite rain retrievals as compared to rain gauge observations. The differences between TRMM TMI rain products and gauge observations are less than 10% over Florida, Texas, Kwajalein, and Darwin ground validation sites for the 8-year period from January 1998 to December 2005. The rain differences between Version 6 TMI and...

Weather radars are used to measure the electromagnetic radiation backscattered by cloud raindrops. Clouds that backscatter more electromagnetic radiation consist of larger droplets of rain and therefore they produce more rain. The idea is to estimate rain rate by using weather radar as an alternative to rain-gauges measuring rainfall on the ground. In an experiment during two days in June and A...

Attenuation measurement on Kuband satellite signal in a tropical site, Fiji is presented. Rain-attenuation prediction by ITU-R and the Crane Global models showed noticeable deviation to the measured values. Unlike the monotonic decrease predicted by these models, exceedance of rain-rate and attenuation in Fiji and other tropical regions showed the presence of breakpoints. For Suva, the breakpoi...

Lead (Pb) levels were measured in roadside surface soils, dust particles and rain water samples from the urban cities of Enugu, Awka, Onitsha, Nnewi, Aba, Port Harcourt and Warri in Southern Nigeria in 2007 and 2008. Samples were collected during the dry season, while rain water samples were collected during the early rain (April-June), mid rain (July-August) and late rain seasons (September-Oc...

Empirical policy research often focuses on causal inference. Since policy choices seem to depend on understanding the counterfactual–what happens with and without a policy–this tight link of causality and policy seems natural. While this link holds in many cases, we argue that there are also many policy applications where causal inference is not central, or even necessary. Consider two toy exam...

low cereal and legumes yields and their rwp index are mainly due to poor distribution of rainfall and poor agronomic management practices. rainfed barley yield and rain water productivity (rwp, defined as rainfed grain yield divided by the total crop season annual rainfall water) in the dry farming are considerable by topography and latitude. yield data, rainfall, altitude and latitude of 182 p...

In this paper, a method for extracting wind parameters from rain-contaminated X-band nautical radar images is presented. The texture of the radar image is first generated based on spatial variability analysis. Through this process, the rain clutter in an image can be removed while the wave echoes are retained. The number of rain-contaminated pixels in each azimuthal direction of the texture is ...