We hypothesize that biological diversification across ecological, spatial, and temporal scales maintains and regenerates the ecosystem services that provide critical inputs—such as maintenance of soil quality, nitrogen fixation, pollination, and pest control—to agriculture. Agrobiodiversity is sustained by diversified farming practices and it also supplies multiple ecosystem services to agricul...

Based on a survey of 897 farming households in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, our results show that while farming households had high demands for capital, 47.7% have experienced having their application for a Rural Credit Cooperative (RCC) loan denied because of their low income. Agricultural production and income are significantly influenced by weather risks, and agricultural income accounts for...

The challenge of producing food for a rapidly increasing population in semi-arid agro-ecosystems in Southern Africa is daunting. More food necessarily means more consumptive use of so-called green water flow (vapour flow sustaining crop growth). Every increase in food production upstream in a watershed will impact on water user and using systems downstream. Intensifying agriculture has in the p...

Middle Eastern, North African countries (MENA), and Central Asian are considered the most facing water food scarcity. The current exploitation indicates that a few overexploiting their resources using fossil available. This study reviews each country’s renewable volume evaluates available to expand agricultural area. Different scenarios considered, both irrigated rainfed farming options, for co...

Rainfall variability is becoming more profound in East Africa. Smallholders relying on rainfed agriculture are particularly affected and need to adapt their farming systems accordingly. This study examined the measures small-scale farmers use to, or cope with rainfall rated perceived effectiveness. It also explored limitations adoption of sources learning measures. Questionnaire-based interview...

The upland farming communities in the Philippines are among vulnerable sectors to climate change impacts. Their agricultural production is generally rainfed, and their farms marginal areas with steep slopes prone soil erosion. Water scarcity a common perennial problem. To address need expressed by smallholder farmers, 11 rainwater harvesting facilities (RWHFs) were established three Albay Provi...

In Ghana, most of the farmers are engaged in small-scale rainfed farming where success is influenced by prevailing weather conditions. Current Climate Information Services (CISs) only provide information on rainfall conditions to reduce their vulnerability climate extremes. Access other practical knowledge, such as soil moisture content would benefit further decision-making process. This study ...

The advent of scientific shrimp farming in India during 1990-91 not only boosted shrimp production but also attracted criticism on the grounds of generating adverse environmental and social impact challenging the sustainability of the system. Thus while examining the performance of alternative shrimp farming systems incorporating of the cost of negative externalities generated by shrimp farming...

Introduction Measures of farm diversification Data and model specification Econometric results Discussion Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References Appendix Abstract. Farm planning often focuses on optimal diversification with respect to risk, where the riskmanagement strategies combine production, marketing, financial and environmental aspects of the farmfirm. In this study an empiri...