Four seemingly simple transformations related to the chemistry of methane will be addressed from mechanistic and conceptual points of view: 1) metal-mediated dehydrogenation to form metal carbene complexes, 2) the hydrogen-atom abstraction step in the oxidative dimerization of methane, 3) the mechanisms of the CH(4)→CH(3)OH conversion, and 4) the initial bond scission (C-H vs. O-H) as well as t...

rative reviews have been significantly increasing in most psychiatric journals in the world alongside " Psychiatry Investigation (PI) ". Since the launch of the " PI " at March 2004, there have been a number of review articles; indeed 54 papers were published as format of regular review papers or special articles in the " PI " from 2004 to 2014. However, of the 54 papers, only one review paper ...

The current framework for constructing intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) is to use psychological/pedagogical theories of learning, and encode this knowledge into the tutor. However, this approach is both expensive and not sufficiently flexible to support reasoning that some system designers would like intelligent tutors to do. Therefore, we propose using machine learning to automatically deriv...

When sharing load among multiple muscles, humans appear to select an optimal pattern of activation that minimizes costs such as the effort or variability of movement. How the nervous system achieves this behavior, however, is unknown. Here we show that contrary to predictions from optimal control theory, habitual muscle activation patterns are surprisingly robust to changes in limb biomechanics...

Evolutionary algorithms are widespread heuristic methods inspired by natural evolution to solve difficult problems for which analytical approaches are not suitable. In many domains experimenters are not only interested in discovering optimal solutions, but also in finding the largest number of different solutions satisfying minimal requirements. However, the formulation of an effective performa...

Some low-energy manifestations of a minimal extension of the Standard Model based on the quark-lepton SU (4) V ⊗ SU (2) L ⊗ G R symmetry of the Pati-Salam type are analysed. Given this symmetry a new type of mixing in the quark-lepton interactions is shown to be required. An additional arbitrariness of the mixing parameters could allow to decrease noticeably the lower bound on the leptoquark ma...

This paper draws on the experiences of the author during the past fifteen years of working primarily with school, college, university and health librarians, but with occasional forays into the public and special library domains. It is written by an educationalist and teacher trainer with an interest in library development; someone who has never run a library but who has researched into them and...

There has been a lot of discussion about biological water recently. Books 1-2 and reviews 3-5 were written in the past years and a special issue of the Journal of Chemical Physics was dedicated to the topic in 2014. 6 Interestingly, papers on biological water are mostly confined to chemistry and physics journals, being remarkably rare in biological or biochemical literature. So, what is actuall...

BACKGROUND Traditional definitions of sarcopenia have described an aging-associated disorder roughly defined as muscle mass two standard deviations below the young adult demographic. In an effort to clear the ambiguity pertaining to such descriptions, two international bodies have put forth working definitions of sarcopenia, namely The Society of Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders in 20...