The human visual system is normally very good at determining the relative positions of objects in space, but under certain conditions contextual influences can cause significant errors in this process. We studied spatial localization around an artificial scotoma, a small mask that occludes part of the visual field while a dynamic pattern is shown over a surrounding region, and found that the ab...

Indirect effects of preschool classroom indexes of teacher talk were tested on fourth-grade outcomes for 57 students from low-income families in a longitudinal study of classroom and home influences on reading. Detailed observations and audiotaped teacher and child language data were coded to measure content and quantity of verbal interactions in preschool classrooms. Preschool teachers' use of...

This longitudinal secondary analysis examined which early language and speech abilities are associated with school-aged reading skills, and whether these associations are mediated by cognitive ability. We analyzed vocabulary, syntax, speech sound maturity, and cognition in a sample of healthy children at age 3 years (N = 241) in relation to single word reading (decoding), comprehension, and ora...

Gaze direction modulates the gain of neurons in most of the visual cortex, including the primary visual (V1) area. These gain modulations are thought to support a mechanism involved in the spatial localization of objects. In the present study, we show that part of them may reflect an additional function: enhancing the visual processing of the objects located straight ahead. Using single- and mu...

This article gives an overview of a normative theory visual receptive fields. We describe how idealized functional models early spatial, spatio-chromatic and spatio-temporal fields can be derived in principled way, based on set axioms that reflect structural properties the environment combination with assumptions about internal structure vision system to guarantee consistent handling image repr...

Receptive fields of neurons within the separate representations of the glabrous hand in areas 3b and 1 of somatosensory cortex were studied in cynomolgus monkeys. Many neurons in area 1 have center-surround receptive fields with separate 'on' and 'off' zones, while neurons in area 3b exhibit largely uniform or homogeneous receptive fields.