Miniature, potentiometric, solid-state, carbon monoxide (CO) sensors with semiconducting oxide electrodes were investigated over the temperature range 5001–7001C. The effects of the electrochemical properties of the semiconducting oxides, after the addition of a catalyst and an alkaline metal oxide were evaluated in terms of the improvement in selectivity and response time. A sensor with high s...

Materials Unless otherwise stated, FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (E.C.: 1.1.99.10, Aspergillus sp., GLDE-70-1192) was purchased from Sekisui Diagnostics (UK) and used without any further purification. For comparison experiments, GDH was also purchased from Amano Enzyme Inc., Japan (“Amano 8”, Aspergillus oryzae) and BBI Solutions USA (GLD1, Aspergillus oryzae). Bilirubin oxidase (Myrothec...

We investigated the reference values of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve (DUC) sensory nerve conduction (SNC) in 66 healthy individuals. Measurements were processed using stimulating electrodes positioned between the ulnar bone and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, 11-13 cm proximal to the active electrode recording. Superficial recording electrodes were placed on the fourth intermetacarpal spac...

The electrical position of the heart with reference to the electrodes used in studying its field is unknown. For reasons presented. it is more likely eccentric; hence, the equation defining the field of an eccentric dipole in a spherical medium might be useful for projected experimental studies and for better understanding of the way in which a given electrical position determines the electrode...

There is currently a need for a reliable solid-state reference electrode, especially in applications such as autonomous sensing or long-term environmental monitoring. We present here for the first time a novel solid-state nanofiber junction reference electrode (NFJRE) incorporating a junction consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) and carbon graphene stacked nanofibers. The NFJRE operates by u...

The performance and properties of a new low-resistance material, Refex, suitable for use in reference electrode junctions is described. The material is a solid polyvinyl acetate that contains a very large loading of KCl (1: 1 w/w KCl/PVA). Despite relatively large active surface areas in the designs studied (stand-alone reference and combination pH), leakage rates of KC! are remarkably low. pH ...

Previous research has shown that language comprehenders resolve reference quickly and incrementally, but not much is known about the neural processes and representations that are involved. Studies of visual short-term memory suggest that access to the representation of an item from a previously seen display is associated with a negative evoked potential at posterior electrodes contralateral to ...

OBJECTIVE To compare two methods of minimizing cochlear implant artifact in cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) recordings. METHODS Two experiments were conducted. In the first, we assessed the use of independent component analysis (ICA) as a pre-processing filter. In the second, we explored the use of an optimized differential reference (ODR) for minimizing artifacts. RESULTS Both IC...

We have combined a microfluidic network and developed a miniature glucose sensor to measure glucose consumption of single cardiomyocytes in a confined extracellular space. The thin film glucose sensor was integrated into a 360 picoliter extracellular space. We used Pt thin film electrodes (20x100 μm) as a counter electrode, and a needle type reference electrode (0.45 mm diam) placed in the cell...

The calibration of pH meters including the pH glass electrode, ISE electrodes, buffers, and the general background for calibration are reviewed. Understanding of basic concepts of pH, pOH, and electrode mechanism is emphasized. New concepts of pH, pOH, as well as critical examination of activity, and activity coefficients are given. The emergence of new solid state pH electrodes and replacement...