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The purpose of this review is to familiarise the reader with the clinical utility of investigations in the diagnosis and management of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Many biochemical and haematological tests are widely available, and can improve significantly the quality of diagnosis and management. However, there is no single test that can detect AUDs with complete accuracy. Further, the validi...

one of the traditions relied on by shī‘a jurists in jurisprudence and especially in the discourse on judgment and testimonies is the tradition or the story of imam ‘alī’s (a.s.) lost coat of mail. the coat of mail being found in the market while it had been put on sale by someone, the imam’s going to the judge, filing a lawsuit against that person, and providing evident proofs in the court hear...

Computational models for sarcasm detection have often relied on the content of utterances in isolation. However, speaker’s sarcastic intent is not always obvious without additional context. Focusing on social media discussions, we investigate two issues: (1) does modeling of conversation context help in sarcasm detection and (2) can we understand what part of conversation context triggered the ...

Komarova et al. (2007) showed that a color naming system could be evolved by combining perceptual discrimination, basic pragmatic constraints on communication, and simple learning rules. Their system relied on a fixed number of color chips and of color categories. Here, I construct an evolutionary game theory model where the equivalent concept of the former and the number of the latter are emer...

RNA interference (RNAi) high-content screening (HCS) enables massive parallel gene silencing and is increasingly being used to reveal novel connections between genes and disease-relevant phenotypes. The application of genome-scale RNAi relies on the development of high quality HCS assays. Strictly standardized mean difference (SSMD), introduced by Zhang et al. [1], provides a possibility for hi...

Debt has become commonplace to meet the needs of human life. However, because it is a loan, must be returned, and sometimes not everyone can return at agreed time. Therefore, Islam offers solution in form Hiwalah Contract. transfer debt from person who owes someone else able pay it. unique system suitable for adaptation by humans, part life muamalah. The legal basis implementing Qur'an, Hadith,...