Abstract: We discuss basically the importance of reproduction number in Mathematical modeling as a summary measure of the transmission potential of an infectious disease.The basic reproduction number R0 for a compartmental disease model is often calculated by the next generation matrix (NGM) approach. It provides significant insight into the transmission dynamics of a disease and can guide stra...

Spatial sound reproduction systems with a large number of loudspeakers are increasingly being used. Wave field synthesis is a reproduction technique using a large number of densely placed loudspeakers (loudspeaker array). The underlying theory, however, assumes a continuous distribution of loudspeakers. Individual loudspeakers placed at discrete positions constitute a spatial sampling process t...

The effects of organophosphates (mevinphos, phenamiphos, trichlorfon), carbamates (carbofuran, methomyl, oxamyl), a formamidine (chlordimeform), a synthetic pyrethroid (fenvalerate), a chlorinated hydrocarbon (methoxychlor). and an insect growth regulator (diflubenzuron) on in vitro development and reproduction of Neoaplectana carflocapsae were tested by incorporating each chemical into a nemat...

Based on the boundary surface control (BSC) principle, a new recording/reproduction system is developed to realize high fidelity three-dimensional sound field reproduction. Theoretically, using this new system, perfect sound field reproduction can be achieved in any acoustic environment. Sound recording / reproduction systems based on the BSC principle require many loudspeakers and microphones....

For special applications in diagnostics for oncology the analysis of imaging data from Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is obfuscated by low contrast and high noise. To deal with this issue we propose a segmentation algorithm based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and evolutionary selection of ants for self reproduction. The self reproduction approach is no standard for ACO, but appears to be...

Lactation is the most energetically expensive component of reproduction in mammals. Theory predicts that reproducing females will adjust their behaviour to compensate for increased nutritional demands. However, experimental tests are required, since comparisons of the behaviour of naturally reproducing and non-reproducing females cannot distinguish between true costs of reproduction, individual...

calving records from april 1996 to december 2005 comprising 31863 calving events of 1173 dairy cows in a large commercial dairy herd were used to evaluate the effects of heat stress, using temperature-humidity index (thi) on milk yield and composition and reproductive performance of holstein dairy cows under humid climatic conditions of rasht in iran. thi values were grouped into six groups: 30...

language like other inventions was originated to serve human needs in different civilization. different language was created later. contextually the importance of translation from one language to another is not only to understand words; as the words are not the elements of translation. importance and base of translation lies in context to understand it. after getting the content, one should d...