Combining two solutions of different composition releases the Gibbs free energy of mixing. By using engineered processes to control the mixing, chemical energy stored in salinity gradients can be harnessed for useful work. In this critical review, we present an overview of the current progress in salinity gradient power generation, discuss the prospects and challenges of the foremost technologi...

globally, increasing nitrate concentrations have become a significant environmental problem and a potential risk to public health. the world health organization (who) has set a limit of (10 (mg.l -1 )) no 3 - for human consumption and (100 mg.l -1 )) no 3 - for animals. water above these limits requires denitrification. nitrates causes cancer, blue-bay syndrome, hypertension and thyroid hypertr...

We consider electroconvective fluid flows initiated by ion concentration polarization (ICP) under pressure-driven shear flow, a scenario often found in many electrochemical devices and systems. Combining scaling analysis, experiment, and numerical modeling, we reveal unique behaviors of ICP under shear flow: a unidirectional vortex structure, its height selection, and vortex advection. Determin...

Nitrate and arsenic often co-exist in groundwater sources. Reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion exchange are the commonly implemented technologies for nitrate removal. Compared to these that generate high-strength waste streams, biological treatment converts innocuous nitrogen gas without producing a concentrated waste. When water source, combining biotic process removal with an abiotic (i.e.,...

Irreversible faradic reactions in reverse electrodialysis (RED) are an emerging concern for scale-up, reducing the overall performance of RED and producing environmentally harmful chemical species. Capacitive (CRED) has potential to generate electricity without necessity irreversible reactions. However, there is a critical knowledge gap fundamental understanding effects operational stack voltag...

Abstract The alternative desalination technique of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) has emerged in the last 15 years and received a lot research attention since then. By using voltage applied between two electrodes covered with ion-exchange membranes, MCDI attempted to challenge established methods such as reverse osmosis or electrodialysis. In this study, through crosslinking sulfosucci...