The near zero liquid discharge (NZLD) approach, by recovering water and dissolved valuable salts, is the most attractive clean solution for valorisation of brines from seawater desalination reverse osmosis (SWD-RO) plants. In this perspective, a key aspect calcium removal/recovery, to avoid scaling problems in successive advanced separation units other salts. work sodium citrate (Na 3 C 6 H 5 O...

Batch reverse osmosis (RO) is a promising approach to high-recovery desalination. It has low energy consumption, but system size increases sharply with recovery because of the need for large work exchange vessel. In this study, we propose compact hybrid batch/semi-batch (HBSRO) incorporating aspects each approach. HBSRO works in three phases, i.e. semi-batch pressurisation phase, batch and fina...