Case: A 16-month-old, previously healthy girl presented with fever for 2 days. Other symptoms included rhinorrhea, cough, decreased activity, and oral ulcerations associated with decreased oral intake. The child had no vomiting, diarrhea, rashes, head trauma or other injuries. There were no sick contacts. The child’s father denied home medications and ingestions. Immunizations were up to date a...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Spontaneous nasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula represents a rare clinical entity. The possible etiology and the localization of the rhinorrhea remain an ongoing clinical challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the localization of spontaneous CSF fistula and to correlate it with anatomical studies. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study, prospective a...

Spontaneous herniation of brain parenchyma through a dural and osseous defect in the temporal bone is a rare entity and a bilateral form is even more infrequent. It usually presents as an intermittent but persistent otorrhea. Manifestation as nose cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is very uncommon. Our objective is presenting this unusual case report of a spontaneous bilateral encephalocele with a...

1Medical residents of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói RJ, Brazil; 2MD, PhD, Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói RJ, Brazil; 3Ophthalmologist, Post-graduating program in Neurology and Neuroscience, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói RJ, Brazil; 4Radiologist at Antonio Pedro Hospital, Federal Flumin...

This case report describes the symptoms and clinical course of a 35-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with a temporo-sphenoidal encephalocele. It is characterized by herniation of cerebral tissue of the temporal lobe through a defect of the skull base localized in the middle fossa. At the time of first presentation the patient complained about recurrent nasal discharge of clear fluid wh...