BACKGROUND Viruses detected in patients with acute respiratory infections may be the cause of illness or asymptomatic shedding. OBJECTIVE To estimate the attributable fraction (AF) and the detection rate attributable to illness for each of the different respiratory viruses STUDY DESIGN We compared the prevalence of 10 common respiratory viruses (influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza viru...

Respiratory viruses, including rhinoviruses, infect respiratory epithelium and induce a variety of cytokines and chemokines that can initiate an inflammatory response. Cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), could enhance epithelial cell activation by inducing virus receptors. To test this hypothesis, effects of IFNor TNFon expression of intercellular adhesion molecu...

Most rhinovirus serotypes use intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as the receptor to enter cells, but ICAM-1 expression has not been detected on normal nasal epithelial cells. During experimental rhinovirus infection, expression of ICAM-1 on nasal epithelial cells was examined with immunohistochemical staining of nasal scrape biopsy specimens, and levels of soluble ICAM-1 in nasal lavage...

BACKGROUND Sensitive diagnostic assays have increased the detection of viruses in asymptomatic individuals. The clinical significance of asymptomatic respiratory viral infection in infants is unknown. METHODS High-throughput, quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect 13 common respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal specimens collected during 2028 visits from 362 infan...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the etiology and prevalence of pediatric CAP in Beijing using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. METHODS Between February 15, 2011 and January 18, 2012, 371 pediatric patients with CAP were enrolled at Beijing Children's Hospital. Sixteen respiratory viruses and two bacteria were detected from tracheal aspirate specimens usi...

BACKGROUND Viral infections play a significant role as cause of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) and exacerbations of chronic diseases. ARIs are now the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. Recently human rhinovirus (HRV) infection has been emerged as an important cause of pneumonia and asthma exacerbation. OBJECTIVES To determine the role o...

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Major- and minor-group human rhinoviruses (HRV) enter their host by binding to the cell surface molecules ICAM-1 and LDL-R, respectively, which are present on both macrophages and epithelial cells. Although epithelial cells are the primary site of productive HRV infection, previous studies have implicated macrophages in establishing the cytokine dysregulation that occurs during rhinovirus-induc...