Let R be an Abelian exchange ring. We prove the following results: 1. RZ2 and RS3 are clean rings. 2. If G is a group of prime order p and p is in the Jacobson radical of R, then RG is clean. 3. If identity in R is a sum of two units and G is a locally finite group, then every element in RG is a sum of two units. 4. For any locally finite group G, RG has stable range one. All rings in this note...

We present a protocol for general state machine replication – a method that provides strong consistency – that has high performance in a wide-area network. In particular, our protocol Mencius has high throughput under high client load and low latency under low client load even under changing wide-area network environment and client load. We develop our protocol as a derivation from the well-kno...

We investigate the sufficient conditions and the necessary conditions on an exchange ring R under which R has stable range one. These give nontrivial generalizations of Theorem 3 of V. P. Camillo and H.-P. Yu (1995), Theorem 4.19 of K. R. Goodearl (1979, 1991), Theorem 2 of R. E. Hartwig (1982), and Theorem 9 of H.-P. Yu (1995). 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 16E50, 19B10. An ...

‎the annihilator graph $ag(r)$ of a commutative ring $r$ is a simple undirected graph with the vertex set $z(r)^*$ and two distinct vertices are adjacent if and only if $ann(x) cup ann(y)$ $ neq $ $ann(xy)$‎. ‎in this paper we give the sufficient condition for a graph $ag(r)$ to be complete‎. ‎we characterize rings for which $ag(r)$ is a regular graph‎, ‎we show that $gamma (ag(r))in {1,2}$ and...

in this paper, using annular resonator we have designed an adding and dropping filter light based ontwo-dimensional photonic crystals. the shape of ring resonator filter adding and dropping that wehave proposed is race track. this filter has a hexagonal lattice structure of silicon bars withrefractive index 3/46 that is located in the context of air with refractive index 1. transmissionefficien...

Let X be any partially ordered set, R any commutative ring, and T = I * (X,R) the weak incidence algebra of X over R. Let Z be a finite nonempty subset of X, L(Z) = {x ∈ X : x z for some z ∈ Z}, and M = Te Z. Various chain conditions on M are investigated. The results so proved are used to construct some classes of right perfect rings that are not left perfect.

we define and studyco-noetherian dimension of rings for which the injective envelopeof simple modules have finite krull-dimension. this  is a moritainvariant dimension that measures how far the ring is from beingco-noetherian. the co-noetherian dimension of certain rings,including commutative rings, are determined. it is shown that the class ${mathcal w}_n$ of rings with co-noetherian dimension...

let $f$ be a finite extension of $bbb q$‎, ‎${bbb q}_p$ or a global‎ ‎field of positive characteristic‎, ‎and let $e/f$ be a galois extension‎. ‎we study the realization fields of‎ ‎finite subgroups $g$ of $gl_n(e)$ stable under the natural‎ ‎operation of the galois group of $e/f$‎. ‎though for sufficiently large $n$ and a fixed‎ algebraic number field $f$ every its finite extension $e$ is‎ ‎re...

In this paper, we classify the skew cyclic codes over Fp + vF_p + v^2F_p, where p is a prime number and v^3 = v. Each skew cyclic code is a F_p+vF_p+v^2F_p-submodule of the (F_p+vF_p+v^2F_p)[x;alpha], where v^3 = v and alpha(v) = -v. Also, we give an explicit forms for the generator of these codes. Moreover, an algorithm of encoding and decoding for these codes is presented.