Performance Pay and Risk Aversion A main prediction of agency theory is the well known risk-incentive trade-off. Incentive contracts should be found in environments with little uncertainty and for agents with low degrees of risk aversion. There is an ongoing debate in the literature about the first trade-off. Due to lack of data, there has so far been hardly any empirical evidence about the sec...

Carotenoid reserves in copepods seem costly in terms of predation risk because they make individuals conspicuous. However, carotenoids also seem to play an important role in immune defence as free radical scavengers. To test whether predation risk influences carotenoid levels and whether changes in carotenoid levels are related to changes in immune defence, I examined individual changes in larg...

This paper studies the cross-sectional risk-return trade-off in the stock market. A fundamental principle in finance is the positive relation between risk and expected return, whereas recent empirical evidence suggests the opposite. We apply referencedependent preferences to shed light on this violation. Reference-dependent preferences (e.g., prospect theory) typically posit that when facing pr...

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The theory of trade-off between starvation and predation risks predicts a decrease in body mass in order to improve flight performance when facing high predation risk. To date, this trade-off has mainly been validated in passerines, birds that store limited body reserves for short-term use. In the largest avian species in which the trade-off has been investigated (the mallard, Anas platyrhyncho...

Downsampling layers are essential for convolutional neural network-based semantic segmentation methods to widen their receptive fields. However, as fine-grained information is lost in the layers, accuracy of these becomes limited. The need downsampling can be eliminated by using a transformer encoder. Nevertheless, removing inevitably increases computational cost network. In this paper, we pres...

-It is demonstrated that usual time-memory trade-offs offer no asymptotic advantage over exhaustive search. Instead, trade-offs between time, memory, and parallel processing are proposed. Using this approach it is shown that most searching problems allow a trade-off between C,, the cost per solution, and C,,,, the cost of the machine: doubling C,,, increases the solution rate by a factor of fou...