To reduce the operating cost and running time of demand responsive transit between urban rural areas, a DBSCAN K-means (DK-means) clustering algorithm, which is based on density-based spatial applications with noise (DBSCAN) was proposed to cluster pre-processing station optimization for passenger reservation design new variable-route service system that can promote urban–rural integration. Fir...

Despite a broad consensus that high transportation costs are a large barrier to economic development, many of the world’s poor live in rural communities without paved roads, impeding their access to outside markets and public services. Nevertheless, the impact of rural roads on economic activity has proven difficult for economists to assess. We first motivate our empirical approach by demonstra...

With the increasing of energy resource's prices these days, the demands of energy resources already decreased in most countries of the world in general especially fuel resource. Beside that, rural areas in various countries suffer from lack of transportation services. Therefore, Dynamic Carpooling Notification System (DCNS) by using mobile phone is proposed to overcome such problems, by allowin...

Inter-state migration in search of livelihood is an important feature of the Indian economy. The direction of migration is determined by the direction of the inequality. Rural-urban migration is a mechanism of adjustment by an individual or group to development gaps created between the dynamic industrial sector in urban/peri-urban areas and the more inert agricultural sector in rural areas (Gue...