Developing countries are constantly and continuously confronted with a myriad of health and environmental problems that threaten the efforts to establish and maintain safe air and water supplies. Nigeria, in general, and Akwa Ibom State, in particular, are not isolated from increasing health and sanitation problems. My goal in this study was to determine the knowledge base of men and women rela...

Sanitation and process control costs increased the costs of producing meat and poultry by about 0.5 percent in the period preceding the promulgation of the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) rule of 1996. However, there was no benefit in trying to avoid these costs. Large slaughter plants and all further-processing plants with poor performance of sanitation...

For the development of new sanitation concepts there exist basically two objectives: On one side the trial to reach the MDGs regarding water. This means the need for save water and sanitation has to be halved by 2015, which involves in the case of sanitation at least 400,000 new systems a day (Mara & Alabaster 2007), mainly in developing countries. On the other side we want to gain a more susta...

BACKGROUND In countries of high endemicity of the soil-transmitted helminth parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm, preventive chemotherapy (i.e., repeated administration of anthelmintic drugs to at-risk populations) is the main strategy to control morbidity. However, rapid reinfection of humans occurs after successful deworming, and therefore effective preventive mea...

background: despite many media campaigns by government and private sectors highlighting, water and sanitation treat­ment plans and policies, the public health problems are still common in different socioeconomic areas. the objective of our study was to explore the major public health problems prevailing in two different socio economic areas in karachi, pakistan. methods: a cross sectional surve...

Disgust is an evolved psychological system for protecting organisms from infection through disease avoidant behaviour. This 'behavioural immune system', present in a diverse array of species, exhibits universal features that orchestrate hygienic behaviour in response to cues of risk of contact with pathogens. However, disgust is also a dynamic adaptive system. Individuals show variation in path...

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare implements the Scheme for Promotion Menstrual Hygiene among adolescent girls in age group 10-19 years since 2011. scheme is supported by National Mission through State Programme Implementation Plan (PIP) route based on proposals received from States / UTs. major objectives are to increase awareness menstrual hygiene; access use high-quality sanitary nap...

SUMMARY The current evidence on handwashing and sanitation programs suggests limited impacts on health when at-scale interventions have been tested in isolation. However, no published experimental evidence currently exists that tests the interaction effects between sanitation and handwashing. We present the results of two large-scale, government-led handwashing and sanitation promotion campaign...

the dominant policy decision emphasis on urbanisation problem in developing countries is itsrate of growth, ignoring the level of provision of resources, including the infrastructure, to match this growth. it isagainst this background that the paper undertook a broad analysis of the state of infrastructure in developing countriesusing such indices as access and quality of water supply, sanitati...

As one article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, David Trouba and colleagues discuss the importance of improved sanitation to health and the role that the health sector can play in its advocacy.