When a court concludes that an agency’s decision is erroneous, the ordinary rule is to remand to the agency to consider the issue anew (as opposed to the court deciding the issue itself). Although the Supreme Court first articulated this ordinary remand rule in the 1940s and has rearticulated it repeatedly over the years, little work has been done to understand how the rule works in practice, m...

The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (PBFT) consensus algorithm has many advantages, which makes PBFT utilized widely. Nonetheless, is not suitable for large-scale node scenarios due to its high communication complexity and it also an apparent disadvantage of inadequate fault tolerance. typically derived algorithms focus on reducing at the cost diminished system security or In this paper, Dua...

At a child care center, 18-month-old Hannah is clinging to her mother and crying as they enter. Her mother pulls Hannah’s hands from her arm, saying, “Don’t be such a crybaby and go play.” In a pediatrician’s waiting room, two-year-old Carlos climbs dangerously high on the furniture. He throws a toy at his mother when she calls his name. His mother laughs nervously and says quietly, “I don’t kn...

This essay on executive rulemaking procedures in the US, UK, France, and Germany examines how administrative constitutional law interact when makes policy under delegated authority. Given their differing structures legal frameworks, political incentives for policymaking accountability differ. The US is a separation-of-powers presidential system. UK are parliamentary systems with without written...