Background—Treatment of the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) conventionally requires a titration procedure in a sleep laboratory. The upper airway has a hysteresis phenomenon which accounts for a decrease in the eVective positive pressure level once an initial eVective pressure setting has been reached. The aim of this study was to quantify t...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To demonstrate that neonatal ventilators can expose patients to high noise levels through bone conduction (BC) as well as air conduction (AC). STUDY DESIGN Observational study. METHODS Three ventilators and various settings on a positive airway pressure machine (continuous, high bilevel, and low bilevel pressure) were tested. A sound level meter was used to measure the...

Our image of the working scientist remains inherently romantic (1). We envision an individual, working alone, pursuing knowledge in an area solely for its intrinsic interest. As attractive as the image may be, it has little to do with the realities of current work in the sciences (2, 3, 4). Scientists work in a distinctly social setting, conducting their work in both collaboration and competiti...

This paper discusses themes associated with the enterprise of educational research, particularly as it applies to notions of ontology and epistemology in ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ methodologies. It begins by identifying the ‘space’ that educational research occupies in the contemporary social setting and indicates the growing complexities of the ‘real world’ which researchers contemplate...

Despite the ubiquitous reference to the concept of social norms in the social sciences, there is no consensus about the power of social norms to direct human action. For some, norms have a central and regular influence on human behavior, while for others, the concept is too vague, and the evidence we have about norm compliance is too contradictory to support the claim that they appreciably affe...

BACKGROUND Studying animal cognition in a social setting is associated with practical and statistical challenges. However, conducting cognitive research without disturbing species-typical social groups can increase ecological validity, minimize distress, and improve animal welfare. Here, we review the existing literature on cognitive research run with primates in a social setting in order to de...