Protection systems have vital role in network reliability in short circuit mode and proper operating for relays. Current transformer often in transient and saturation under short circuit mode causes mal-operation of relays which will have undesirable effects. Therefore, proper and quick identification of Current transformer saturation is so important. In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network...

The electric current is omnipresent and indispensable in our life. But there are always threatening dangers connected with it. One of them is the electric short circuit and we have to protect people and facilities from its effects. This protection is often provided by power circuit breakers or motor protective circuit breakers. These devices are able to detect the short circuit, limit the curre...

Sodium ion influx and outflux were measured sinmltaneously, with two radioactive isotopes, in the cat ciliary body isolated in vitro. Measurements of membrane potential or short-circuit current were made concurrently with the isotope studies. In the non-short-circuited membrane, where the membrane electromotive force assisted sodium influx, the sodium ion current was two to three times larger t...

We present a framework for combining Voltage Scaling and Gate sizing techniques for power optimizations. Our results show that the combination of the two techniques perform better than the techniques applied in isolation. We introduce a new heuristic for choosing gates for sizing and voltage scaling such that the total power is minimized under delay constraints. We also use a more accurate esti...

Introduction A high-voltage (HV) electrical short circuit can be a critical electrical failure in an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) system because of the failed delivery of appropriate shocks against fatal arrhythmia. The Food and Drug Administration has classified the St Jude Medical Riata family of ICD leads (St Jude Medical, St Paul, MN) as a class I recall since 2011 because o...

A high-speed earthing switch (HSES) of a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) performs a secondary role in protecting the power system in the event of an accident. After being interrupted by a circuit breaker (CB), the short-circuit current remaining in the network should be earthed by the HSES. However, as the contacts of the HSES may have been damaged by a pre-arc during the closing operation, the ...

Traditional power optimization and estimation techniques for digital CMOS circuits have focused on the dynamic power dissipation, caused by charging and discharging the load capacitances at the gate outputs. However , as the device size and threshold voltage continue to decrease, the short circuit power dissipation is no longer a negligible factor. We show that previously published models for t...

The electrical substation components are often subject to degradation due to over-voltage or over-current, caused by a short circuit or a lightning. A particular interest is given to the circuit breaker, regarding the importance of its function and its dangerous failure. This component degrades gradually due to the use, and it is also subject to the shock process resulted from the stress of iso...