Significance Multichannel single-molecule tracking is a powerful tool to probe molecular interactions with high spatial-temporal resolution. Current methods have at least two major limitations: the lack of high-performance intracellular fluorescence probes and difficulty multispecies labelling. Here, we employ nanopore-electroporation technique deliver organic dye-labelled proteins into living ...

PURPOSE To determine the versatility of retroviral vector-mediated rat beta-glucuronidase cDNA expression in the normal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of eyes of various species and in RPE of eyes with three types of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS types I, VI, and VII) and to evaluate the effect of multiple transductions and long-term stable expression in the RPE. METHODS A retroviral construct...

It is shown that top-down tree transducers are as powerful as sharing-free tree-to-graph-to-tree transducers as far as the computation of functions is considered whose codomain is a semiring.

Defining the ideal vectors to transduce breast cancer using viruses is currently under intense pre-clinical evaluation. Our study constitutes the first direct comparison of the infection efficiencies of a human serotype 5 (Ad5), a canine serotype 2 (CAV-2) adenovirus, and a human serotype 2 adeno-associated virus (AAV-2) in breast cancer cells. We observed an excellent infection efficiency for ...

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogeno...

Previous studies have shown that inactivation of the MutS or MutL mismatch repair enzymes increases the efficiency of homeologous recombination between Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and between S. typhimurium and Salmonella typhi. However, even in mutants defective for mismatch repair the recombination frequencies are 10(2)- to 10(3)-fold less than observed during homologous recom...

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis, stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation and proliferation, but the signal transduction pathways between LDL stimulation and cell proliferation are poorly understood. Because mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a crucial role in mediating cell growth, we studied the effect of LDL...

A macro tree transduction is MSO definable if and only if it is of linear size increase. Furthermore, it is decidable for a macro tree transduction whether or not it is MSO definable.

We give examples to show that not even c-edNCE, the most general known notion of context-free graph grammar, is suited for the specification of some common data structures. To overcome this problem, we use monadic second-order logic and introduce edge constraints as a new means of specifying a large class of graph families. Our notion stems from a natural dichotomy found in programming practice...

We present the concepts of weighted language, ~ansduction and automaton from algebraic automata theory as a general framework for describing and implementing decoding cascades in speech and language processing. This generality allows us to represent uniformly such information sources as pronunciation dictionaries, language models artd lattices, and to use uniform algorithms for building decodin...