A two-valued function f defined on the vertices of a graph G (V, E), I : V -+ {-I, I}, is a signed dominating function if the sum of its function values over any closed neighborhood is at least one. That is, for every v E V, f(N[v]) 2: 1, where N(v] consists of v and every vertex adjacent to v. The of a signed dominating function is ICV) = L f( v), over all vertices v E V. The signed domination...

The inflated graph GI of a graph G with n(G) vertices is obtained from G by replacing every vertex of degree d of G by a clique, which is isomorph to the complete graph Kd, and each edge (xi, xj) of G is replaced by an edge (u, v) in such a way that u ∈ Xi, v ∈ Xj , and two different edges of G are replaced by non-adjacent edges of GI . For integer k ≥ 1, the k-tuple total domination number γ ×...

A signed edge domination function (or SEDF) of a simple graph $G=(V,E)$ is $f: E\rightarrow \{1,-1\}$ such that $\sum_{e'\in N[e]}f(e')\ge 1$ holds for each $e\in E$, where $N[e]$ the set edges in $G$ share at least one endpoint with $e$. Let $\gamma_s'(G)$ denote minimum value $f(G)$ among all SEDFs $f$, $f(G)=\sum_{e\in E}f(e)$.In 2005, Xu conjectured $\gamma_s'(G)\le n-1$, $n$ order $G$. Thi...

A set M of edges of a graph G is a matching if no two edges in M are incident to the same vertex. A set S of vertices in G is a total dominating set ofG if every vertex of G is adjacent to some vertex in S. The matching number is the maximum cardinality of a matching of G, while the total domination number of G is the minimum cardinality of a total dominating set of G. In this paper, we investi...

This paper is devoted to the study of quadruple Roman domination in trees, and it a contribution Special Issue “Theoretical computer science discrete mathematics” Symmetry. For any positive integer k, [k]-Roman dominating function ([k]-RDF) simple graph G from vertex set V {0,1,2,…,k+1} if for u?V with f(u)<k, ?x?N(u)?{u}f(x)?|{x?N(u):f(x)?1}|+k, where N(u) open neighborhood u. The weight [k...