We explored the relationship between growth in tooth root length and the modern human extended period of childhood. Tooth roots provide support to counter chewing forces and so it is advantageous to grow roots quickly to allow teeth to erupt into function as early as possible. Growth in tooth root length occurs with a characteristic spurt or peak in rate sometime between tooth crown completion ...

The radical-induced cell death1 and similar to RCD ONE1 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana encode members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) superfamily and have pleiotropic functions in development and abiotic stress response. In order to begin to understand the developmental and molecular bases of the defects seen in rcd1-3; sro1-1 plants, this study used the root as a model. Double mutant ...

Calmodulin has been isolated from the root of Zea mays. It activates the bovine brain calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and has electrophoretic mobility very similar to that of bovine brain calmodulin. Ophiobolin A, a fungal toxin, interacts with the maize calmodulin. The interaction is not reversed by dilution or denaturation in SDS and results in the loss of ability of ...

We consider bounds on the smallest possible root with a specified argument φ of a power series f(z) = 1 + ∑∞ n=1aiz i with coefficients ai in the interval [−g, g]. We describe the form that the extremal power series must take and hence give an algorithm for computing the optimal root when φ/2π is rational. When g ≥ 2√2 + 3 we show that the smallest disc containing two roots has radius ( √ g + 1...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of spreader size on apical leakage of maxillary incisor teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 permanent human teeth with no carious and no fracture or crack were used for this study. After removing the crown from the cementoenamel junction and the standardization of the root lengths, the specimens were randomly divided into five groups: Group 1 - Roots w...

In this work, a new method is introduced for solving large polynomial systems for the kinematic synthesis of linkages. The method is designed for solving systems with degrees beyond 100,000, which often are found to possess a number of finite roots that is orders of magnitude smaller. Current root-finding methods for large polynomial systems discover both finite and infinite roots, although onl...

UNLABELLED Root Knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the most devastating parasites that infect the roots of hundreds of plant species. RKN cannot live independently from their hosts and are the biggest contributors to the loss of the world's primary foods. RNAi gene silencing studies have demonstrated that there are fewer galls and galls are smaller when RNAi constructs targeted to ...

Outer cell layers of rice roots, which comprise epidermis, exodermis and sclerenchyma, have been proposed to protect the roots from various stresses in soil. Here, we report a mutant which is defective in the specification of outer cell layers, and examined the role of these layers in Al and other metal resistance. Morphological and histochemical observations revealed that the mutant isolated b...

Foliar hosts of Phytophthora ramorum are often susceptible to root infection but the epidemiological significance of such infections is unknown. A standardized test system was developed to quantify inoculum in runoff from root-infected Viburnum tinus ?Spring Bouquet? or Rhododendron ?Cunningham's White? cuttings. Cuttings of both species gave off a maximum amount of inoculum 1 to 3 weeks after ...

1. There is limited understanding of patterns of variation that exist among root traits of different species, especially under field conditions. We contrasted 11 fastand slow-growing species paired within five evolutionary lineages to investigate whether root traits associated with soil resource acquisition were related to species’ potential growth rate. 2. Measurements of root morphology, arch...