Ammonia in mainstream smoke is present in both the particulate and vapor phases. The presence of ammonia in the cigarette filler material and smoke is of significance because of the potential role ammonia could have in raising the "smoke pH." An increased smoke pH could shift a fraction of total nicotine to free-base nicotine, which is reportedly more rapidly absorbed by the smoker. Methods mea...

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). An American has a coronary event (heart attack) nearly every 25 seconds, resulting in death about every minute. Smoking is the leading risk factor for heart disease. Evidence suggests that exposure to secondhand smoke also can result in adverse health effects, inc...

Smoke simulation is an interesting topic in computer graphics these days. The realistic rendering of smoke scene is one of the most challenging tasks in fluid dynamics of computer graphics. Smoke simulation rendering is based on basics particle system. In this paper, our proposed method based on FDS’s (Fire Dynamic Simulation) output the result of the Excel file which improves DirectX for effec...

BACKGROUND Prior studies have demonstrated that the distal 1.5 kb of the MMP-1 promoter is fundamental in directing the induction of the MMP-1 gene by cigarette smoke. METHODS To characterize the genetic variants in the MMP-1 cigarette smoke-responsive element, deep re-sequencing of this element was performed on DNA samples from participants in the Lung Health Study. Furthermore, evidence of ...

INTRODUCTION Policy makers should understand the attitudes and beliefs of their constituents regarding smoke-free air legislation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected personal characteristics on attitudes and beliefs about secondhand smoke in Indiana and on support for smoke-free air laws. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2008 Indiana Adult Tobacco Survey of 2,...

Cigarette smoke exposure increases lung ceramide biosynthesis and alters metabolic function. We hypothesized that ceramides are released from the lung during cigarette smoke exposure and result in elevated skeletal muscle ceramide levels, resulting in insulin resistance and altered mitochondrial respiration. Employing cell and animal models, we explored the effect of cigarette smoke on muscle c...

INTRODUCTION African Americans, Hispanics, service and blue-collar workers, and residents of rural areas are among those facing higher rates of workplace secondhand smoke exposure in states without smokefree workplace laws. Consequently, these groups also experience more negative health effects resulting from secondhand smoke exposure. The objective of this study was to examine disparities in w...

Passive smoking exposure is a topic of great concern for public health because of its well-known adverse effects on human health (International Agency for Research on Cancer 2004). Two news articles on this topic were published in the February 2011 issue of Environmental Health Perspectives (Burton 2011; Lubick 2011). Lubick (2011) discussed the global health burden of secondhand smoke, and Bur...

Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke is associated with mucus hypersecretion, mucus pooling, pulmonary connective tissue damage, and chronic airflow obstruction. Cigarette smoke has therefore been causally linked to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (either chronic bronchitis or emphysema),' increased airway responsiveness,2 exacerbations of asthma,3 impaired pulmonary i...

Smoke simulation is a key feature of serious gaming applications for fire-fighting professionals. A perfect visual appearance is not of paramount importance, the behavior of the smoke must however closely resemble its natural counterpart for successful adoption of the application. We therefore suggest a hybrid grid/particle based architecture for smoke simulation that uses a cheap multi-samplin...