Taxes, Cigarette Consumption, and Smoking Intensity: Reply This paper shows that smoking intensity, i.e. the amount of nicotine extracted per cigarette smoked, responds to changes in excise taxes and tobacco prices. We exploit data covering the period 1988 to 2006 across many US states. Moreover, we provide new evidence on the importance of cotinine measures in explaining long-run smoking behav...

BACKGROUND Plain packaging requires tobacco products to be sold in packs with a standard shape, method of opening and colour, leaving the brand name in a standard font and location. We ran a randomised controlled trial to investigate the impact of plain packaging on smoking behaviour and attitudes. METHODS In a parallel group randomised trial design, 128 daily smokers smoked cigarettes from t...

When trichloroethylene or certain other solvent vapours are heated to a temperature of 4000 C. or more, or when the liquids decompose by exposure to light on standing in air, phosgene is produced. It is generally believed or assumed from this that when cigarettes are smoked in atmospheres contaminated with the solvent vapours phosgene is also produced and inhaled. However, nowhere in the litera...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The question of whether mentholation of cigarettes enhances tobacco dependence has generated conflicting findings. Potential mediating factors in a putative relationship between menthol use and tobacco dependence may include race and gender. While an association between menthol use and dependence is mixed, research on the role of race solely among women smokers is scarc...

OBJECTIVE The prevalence of cigarette smoking among schizophrenia patients is significantly higher than in the general population; this may reflect self-medication of symptoms and/or adverse effects of neuroleptics. The authors examined the prevalence of cigarette smoking in apparently healthy adolescents later hospitalized for schizophrenia. METHOD Each year, a random sample of male Israeli ...

The 2003 South African Demography and Health Survey (SADHS) estimated that 35% and 10% of men and women, respectively, smoked cigarettes.1 Most of the adverse health effects of cigarette smoking are attributable to exposure to the products of combustion and less so to the nicotine content of cigarettes. It is well established that cessation of smoking improves health outcomes; hence, the best i...

background nephrolithiasis is a widespread multifactorial disorder. constitutional, environmental and genetic factors play a role in stone formation. although important advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of stone formation, none of the many theories have given a satisfactory explanation of this process. objectives the objective of study was to evaluate the probable rel...

The relationship of smoking to total mortality and to the prevalence of cardiorespiratory symptoms has been studied in three prospective surveys in west central Scotland in which 18 786 people attended a multiphasic screening examination. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms, and to a lesser extent cardiovascular symptoms, increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, with inhalation, and w...

A study of respiratory symptoms in 2,426 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years was carried out in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, in 1971. The prevalence of cough in the children was associated with the parents' smoking habits; prevalence was lowest where both parents were non-smokers, highest where both parents smoked, and lay between these two levels where only one parent smoked. A close association was...

The relationship between cigarette smoking and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was examined in 2663 men and 2553 women ages 20-69 years in 10 North American populations. Men and women who were smokers had significantly (p < 0.01) lower HDL cholesterol levels than nonsmokers, and heavier smokers had lower HDL cholesterol levels than lighter smokers. Using multiple linear regression an...