A climate version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is used to simulate snow-related land-atmosphere interactions in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of the United States. The availability of observed snow-distribution products allow snow-water-equivalent distribution data to be assimilated directly into the RAMS simulations. By performing two kinds of model integrat...

Remote sensing of snow-covered area (SCA) can be binary (indicating the presence/absence of snow cover at each pixel) or fractional (indicating the fraction of each pixel covered by snow). Fractional SCA mapping provides more information than binary SCA, but is more difficult to implement and may not be feasible with all types of remote sensing data. The utility of fractional SCA mapping relati...

An evaluation of the Biosphere±Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) snow submodel was conducted, both in a stand-alone mode and within the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). We evaluated, in the stand-alone mode, the performance of BATS parameterizations at local scales using ground-based observations from the former Soviet Union and fromMammo...

The purpose of this paper is to present a generalized hole argument for gauge field theories and their geometrical setting in terms of fiber bundles. The generalized hole argument is motivated and extended from the spacetime hole arguments which appear in spacetime theories based on differentiable manifolds such as general relativity. Analogously, the generalized hole argument rules out fiber b...

For simplicity, we use the following convention: i, i1, i2, j, j1, j2, k, m, n, t denote natural numbers, D denotes a non empty subset of E2 T, E denotes a compact non vertical non horizontal subset of E2 T, C denotes a compact connected non vertical non horizontal subset of E2 T, G denotes a Go-board, p, q, x denote points of E2 T, and r, s denote real numbers. The following propositions are t...

Detection and determination of ice and snow characteristics using remote sensing data is a new method in obtaining hydrology parameters. In order to determine these characteristics the numbers of meteorological stations are not enough in the glacier and mountain regions. We suggest using remotely sensing data for removing these deficiencies. Snow is distinguished more than other objects in the ...

Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) weather forecasting has improved in recent years, thanks partly to better representation of physical variables in models. For instance, realistic initializations of snow and soil moisture in models yield enhanced predictability on S2S time scales. Snow depth and soil moisture also mediate month-to-month persistence of near-surface air temperature. Here the role of ...