What factors limit ecosystem evolution? Like human economies, ecosystems are arenas where agents compete for locally limiting resources. Like economies, but unlike genes, ecosystems are not units of selection. In both economies and ecosystems, productivity, diversity of occupations or species and intensity of competition presuppose interdependence among many different agents. In both, competiti...

The article analyzes the concept “religion” as a unit of knowledge that allows verbally expressing national and cultural specificity language, also defines this category universal human values. difference between is indicated, where formed against background experience, well on cognition logical understanding reality, concepts are designated real phenomena contained in general symbolic expressi...

We used urinary assays as a non-invasive method to examine corticosterone levels in two outbred strains of male laboratory mice (BKW and CD-1). Measures were taken before and after 2 weeks of pair housing, to examine the effects of social stress. We found that CD-1 mice had significantly higher corticosterone levels compared to BKW mice both before and after pairing. Behavioural measures provid...

Understanding how sterile worker castes in social insects first evolved is one of the supreme puzzles in social evolution. Here, we show that in the bee tribe Allodapini, the earliest societies did not entail a foraging worker caste, but instead comprised females sharing a nest with supersedure of dominance. Subordinates delayed foraging until they became reproductively active, whereupon they p...

backgroundattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd), is a multifactorial disorder and converging evidence has implicated abnormalities of dopamine neurotransmission. the aim of this study was to examine the association of -141 polymorphisms in drd2 gene with adha among iranian-azeri population.materials and methods a case–control association study included 153 patients with attention defi...

In cooperatively breeding species, reproductive decisions and breeding roles may be influenced by environmental (food resources) or social factors (reproductive suppression of subordinates by dominants). Studies of glucocorticoid stress hormones in cooperatively breeding species suggest that breeding roles and hormone levels are related to the relative costs of dominance and subordination, whic...