Over 90% of PDD patients show at least one neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS); in the 60-70% two or more NPS are present. Their incidence is important in terms of prognosis and severity of pathology. However, among all NPS, apathy is often the most disturbing, associated with greater caregiver's burden. Similar to other NPS, apathy may be due to a dysfunction of the nigrostriatal pathway, even thou...

Apathy is one of the most frequent non-motor manifestations in Parkinson's disease (PD) that can lead to a whole range of deleterious outcomes. In 2006, Levy and Dubois proposed a model that distinguishes three different apathy aetiologies in PD divided into three subtypes of disrupted processing: "emotional-affective," "cognitive," and "auto-activation." These three dimensions associated with ...

Apathy is a mental state of diminished motivation. Although the reward system as the foundation of the motivation in the human brain has been studied extensively with neuroimaging techniques, the electrophysiological correlates of motivation and apathy have not been fully explored. Thus, in 14 healthy volunteers, we examined whether event-related evoked potentials (ERP) obtained during a simple...

Apathy is an uncertain nosographical entity, which includes reduced motivation, abulia, decreased empathy, and lack of emotional involvement; it is an important and heavy-burden clinical condition which strongly impacts in everyday life events, affects the common daily living abilities, reduced the inner goal directed behavior, and gives the heaviest burden on caregivers. Is a quite common como...

Apathy is considered the most frequent neuropsychiatric disturbance in dementia and its outcome is generally deleterious. Apathy can be related to a dysfunction of the anatomical-system that supports the generation of voluntary actions, namely the prefrontal cortex and/or the prefrontal-subcortical circuits. In Alzheimer's disease, pathological and neuroimaging data indicate that apathy is like...

A common, but important issue with large Information Technology (IT) organizations that implement Knowledge Management (KM) strategies is end-user apathy and indifference towards the KM initiative in organizational units. End-user communities associate themselves minimally with the organization-wide KM apparatus, rarely contributing to the initiative, or/and in a few cases completely dissociate...

UNLABELLED Impairment of the Self has been described in frontal-temporal dementia but little research has been carried out in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore changes in the self in patients with AD. METHOD Forty-seven patients with mild to moderate AD were examined using a semi-structured scale designed to assess the self-concept along ...

The paramedian diencephalic syndrome is characterized by a clinical triad: hypersomnolent apathy, amnesic syndrome, and impaired vertical gaze. We studied 4 cases with computed tomography evidence of bilateral diencephalic infarctions. Each case began abruptly with hypersomnolent apathy followed by fluctuations from appropriate affect, full orientation, and alertness to labile mood, confabulati...

The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) was developed to provide global measures of apathy in adults and elderly individuals 1 . Reliability and validity data are available for middle aged and older adults (2). Examination of individual items also provides qualitative information which may be of use in clinical assessments. The conceptual, clinical, and empirical background for the AES is presented i...