The chapter describes an empirical study of a sociotechnical community—as an extended part of an institution—with the aim of revealing its changing processes. One hypothesis is that structures of socio-technical communities evolve from being less defined and informal to being more formal structures supported by evolving social control mechanisms, regulations and rules. The focus is the new emer...

T his paper is an attempt investigating the relationship between sanctions implications and geographical shift in trading partners. To this end, we analyze separately foreign trade patterns of two countries namely Iran and Russia - which are under imposed sanctions experience - with two United Nations Regional Groups (The Asia-Pacific and the Western European groups)  using a gravity...

arriage customs in Bangladesh vary by region, complicating national-level efforts to eliminate some of the more harmful practices, such as early marriage and dowry demands, that undermine the status of women. Efforts to reform such a complex and multidimensional institution as marriage must consider economic concerns, social traditions, and social activism. Dowry demands—in addition to exacting...

Islamic Shari’ah functioned by God as a deterrent to evil. Jurisprudence of Jinayat in law recognizes three kinds punishment for crime committed person; Qishah, hudud and ta’zir. The determination is not merely revenge, but rather goal create effect or shock calm peaceful society situation the message contained word hayah which means life. This paper aims reveal concept corruption eyewear juris...

OBJECTIVE Nonheterosexual adolescents are vulnerable to health risks including addiction, bullying, and familial abuse. We examined whether they also suffer disproportionate school and criminal-justice sanctions. METHODS The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health followed a nationally representative sample of adolescents who were in grades 7 through 12 in 1994-1995. Data from the 19...

We argue that modelling emotions among agents in artificial societies will further the computational study of social norms. The appraisal theory of emotions is presented as theoretical underpinning of Jon Elster’s view that social norms are sustained not only by material sanctions but also by emotions such as shame and contempt. Appraisal theory suggests the following twofold relationship betwe...

This paper examines how moral rules form in the process of social learning in order to analyze the relationship between legal rules and moral rules. Members of society learn morality from the observed behavior of other members. Their incentive to act morally is influenced by their expectation of other members’ moral behavior. The moral standards of a society are built on the outcomes of such in...

Theories rationalizing joint liability lending are rich in implications for repayment rates. We exploit this fact to test four diverse models. We show that the models’ repayment implications do not always coincide. For example, higher correlation of output and borrowers’ ability to act cooperatively can raise or lower repayment, depending on the model. Data from Thai borrowing groups suggest th...

Moral agency is manifested in both the power to refrain from behaving inhumanely and the proactive power to behave humanely. Moral agency is embedded in a broader sociocognitive self theory encompassing self-organizing, proactive, self-reflective, and self-regulatory mechanisms rooted in personal standards linked to self-sanctions. The self-regulatory mechanisms governing moral conduct do not c...

Results from three national surveys in Haiti suggest that the prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting in children fell considerably between 1978 and 1990. In the following four years, rates of stunting and underweight levelled off, while that of wasting nearly doubled. Child nutrition deteriorated dramatically during a period of intense political crisis and international sanctions that...