in the last issue of asia pacific journal of medical toxicology (apjmt), editor-in-chief, dr. reza afshari focused on an important contemporary issue of empowering toxicology in the asia pacific region (1). the topic drew our attention and we would like to share the situation of bangladesh in light of this editorial. dr. afshari correctly emphasized on forming national societies of medical toxi...

Punishment offers a powerful mechanism for the maintenance of cooperation in human and animal societies, but the maintenance of costly punishment itself remains problematic. Game theory has shown that corruption, where punishers can defect without being punished themselves, may sustain cooperation. However, in many human societies and some insect ones, high levels of cooperation coexist with lo...