Objective: Wheat is the most important crop in Iran. Self sufficiency in wheat production is one of the economic and food safety policies in the country. In spite of the efforts which have been made in this area, the mean of wheat yield in Iran is less than its world average. Methods: In order to identifying of the high yielding wheat lines with optimal characteristics and to determine the trai...

Hypocretin/orexin, produced by a group of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area, enhances cognitive arousal and also may play a crucial role in modulating the neuroendocrine system. How hypocretin modulates the endocrine system remains an open question. Hypocretin cells innervate the mediobasal hypothalamus where they can potentially influence the activity of specific cell popul...

Voltage-gated ganglion cell membrane currents were studied under whole-cell patch clamp in isolation and in retinal slices. The cells were identified by (1) backfilling their axons with rhodamine and later identifying them by their fluorescence in the slice or the mix of isolated cells or (2) by filling them with Lucifer yellow during recording in retinal slices. Both methods yielded cells with...

We previously showed in dissociated cultures of fetal rat spinal cord that disinhibition-induced bursting is based on intrinsic spiking, network recruitment, and a network refractory period after the bursts. A persistent sodium current (I(NaP)) underlies intrinsic spiking, which, by recurrent excitation, generates the bursting activity. Although full blockade of I(NaP) with riluzole disrupts su...

Layer V pyramidal cells of the somatosensory cortex operate with two spike initiation zones. Subthreshold depolarizations are strongly attenuated along the apical dendrite linking the somatic and distal dendritic spike initiation zones. Sodium action potentials, on the other hand, are actively back-propagating from the axon hillock into the apical tuft. There they can interact with local excita...