This paper presents a model to describe the polarization patterns of celestial light, which includes sunlight and skylight, when refracted by wavy water surfaces. The polarization patterns and intensity distribution of refracted light through the wave water surface were calculated. The model was validated by underwater experimental measurements. The experimental and theoretical values agree wel...

Despite nearly two decades of research, the absence of ideal flexible and transparent electrodes has been the largest obstacle in realizing flexible and printable electronics for future technologies. Here we report the fabrication of 'polymer-metal hybrid electrodes' with high-performance properties, including a bending radius <1 mm, a visible-range transmittance>95% and a sheet resistance <10 ...

This study is an initial investigation on the capability of multispectral imaging to capture subtle spectral information that would enable the automatic delineation between the eosinophilic esophagitis and other eosin stained tissue components, especially the RBCs. In the method, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the spectral transmittance samples of the different tissue com...

A very important factor in the assessment of solar energy resources is the availability of direct irradiance data of high quality. Nevertheless, this quantity is seldom measured and thus must be estimated from measures of global solar irradiance, a quantity that is registered in most radiometric stations. In this work we analyze the results provided by different models in the estimation of hour...

The optical degradation of encapsulants from ultraviolet (UV) radiation has historically resulted in a significant loss performance throughout the life photovoltaic (PV) module. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) test methods have recently been developed to screen for PV prone performance. present study was performed benchmark polymeric packaging materials relative IEC 62788-1-4 (c...

A novel approach for the fabrication of ultra-smooth and highly bendable substrates consisting of metal grid-conducting polymers that are fully embedded into transparent substrates (ME-TCEs) was successfully demonstrated. The fully printed ME-TCEs exhibited ultra-smooth surfaces (surface roughness ~1.0 nm), were highly transparent (~90% transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm), highly conductiv...

This study reports the optoelectronic characteristics of ZnO/GaP buffer/CuO-Cu₂O complex (COC) inverse heterostructure for solar cell applications. The GaP and COC layers were used as buffer and absorber in the cell structure, respectively. An energy gap widening effect and CuO whiskers were observed as the copper (Cu) layer was exerted under heat treatment for oxidation at 500 °C for 10 min, a...

We demonstrate continuous roll-to-roll production of highly conductive silver network films on a plastic substrate via mechanical and chemical welding processes. This process included three essential steps: (i) solvent spraying, (ii) roll compression, and (iii) salt treatment and washing. The sheet resistance of the resulting AgNW film was 5 Ω sq(-1) at 92% transmittance, which was the lowest s...

This paper presents an analysis of the energy performance of commercial buildings in Brazil based on the influence of the thermal transmittance of the external walls and roof. Several combinations were simulated taking into account different input data such as the internal load density, window to wall ratio, solar absorptance and other parameters to evaluate their influence on the annual energy...

Optical anisotropy in single-walled carbon nanotube thin film networks is reported. We obtain the real and imaginary parts of the in-(parallel) and out-of-plane (perpendicular) complex dielectric functions of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin films by combining transmission measurements at several incidence angles with spectroscopic ellipsometry data on different substrates. In spar...