“What is the difference,” went an old joke in the Soviet Union, “between the Soviet and U.S. Constitutions? The Soviet Constitution guarantees freedom of speech; the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom after speech.” The joke captures the common intuition about the function (or dysfunction, rather) of constitutions in authoritarian regimes. Many other examples abound: citizens of North Korea m...

They were representatives of the Tatar intelligentsia, born in 1880-90s. The pre-revolutionary world with unique urban everyday life early 20th century was already lost, but it occupied a central place memoirs that period. Memoirs and other records native city Troitsk, Orenburg province, teacher Habib Zaini (1890-1967) also continue this trend. In his notes, he wrote about Troitsk its inhabitan...

The 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data are analyzed to demonstrate that wave forcing at lower latitudes plays a crucial role in driving the tropical upwelling portion of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. It is shown that subtropical wave forcing is correlated with tropical upwelling on both intraseasonal and interannual time scales when transient waves are taken into account, and that tropical ...

[1] The energy input to the upper ocean Ekman layer is assessed for the Southern Ocean by examining the rotary cross spectrum between wind stress and surface velocity for frequencies between 0 and 2 cpd. The wind stress is taken from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-40 reanalysis, and drifter measurements from 15 m depth are used to represent surface velocities, with an ad...

We are now in the post-PC era, yet our mobile devices are insecure. We consider the different stake-holders in today’s mobile device ecosystem, and analyze why widely-deployed hardware security primitives on mobile device platforms are inaccessible to application developers and end-users. We systematize existing proposals for leveraging such primitives, and show that they can indeed strengthen ...

In the early 20(th) century the child population became a major focus of scientific, professional and public interest. This led to the crystallization of a dynamic field of child science, encompassing developmental and educational psychology, child psychiatry and special education, school hygiene and mental testing, juvenile criminology and the anthropology of childhood. This article discusses ...

This paper traces the formal and informal allocation of vehicles by the Soviet administrative-command economy in the early and mid 1930s using the very same documents as did the Soviet dictator some 70 years earlier. Vehicles should present Soviet resource allocation in its most favorable light, since their production and allocation was highly centralized and tightly monitored. This case study,...

In this study, the political relations between Atatürk Era, Turkish Grand National Assembly and Azerbaijan are analyzed. After collapse of Ottoman Empire in 1918, was established under leadership Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Pasha Atatürk. Historical developments Turkey historical importance study period brother country discussed depth. Soviet leader Neriman Nerimanov’s rational logical real poli...