This study aims to examine the effect of investment and consumption spending on Indonesia’s economic growth. The data used is the quarterly time series data from the first quarter of year 2003 to the fourth quarter of year 2013, comprising consumption spending, investment and economic growth. For the purpose of analysis, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used. The result of the...

Sustainable green growth requires finance to improve the financial sector, better environmental and enhance economic development. This study examines how spending affects nation’s economy in long term. Green is a market-based investment that considers impact when assessing risk. Hence, explores financing as means reduce risks developing economies. The aims boost value of environment its natural...

OBJECTIVE To explore factors associated with household coping behaviours in the face of health expenditures in 15 African countries and provide evidence for policy-makers in designing financial health protection mechanisms. METHODS A series of logit regressions were performed to explore factors correlating with a greater likelihood of selling assets, borrowing or both to finance health care. ...

INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, inequity and poor accessibility to quality health care has been a persistent problem. This study aimed to determine knowledge and attitude of civil servants in Osun state towards the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). METHODOLOGY This is a descriptive, cross sectional study of 380 civil servants in the employment of Osun state government, using multi stage sampl...

background: households’ financial protection against health payments and expenditures and equity in utilization of health care services are of the most important tasks of governments. this study aims to measuring equity in household’s health care payments according to fairness in financial contribution (ffc) and kakwani indices in tehran-iran, 2013. methods: this cross-sectional study was condu...

the present paper examines the mitigating effect of monetary and fiscal policies on the “growth laffer curve” (glc) using a panel data of 38 high income countries over the period 2003-2012. adopting generalised method of moments (gmm) estimators, the paper finds evidence substantiating the presence of an inverted-u glc. moreover, the evidence suggests that the glc shifts downward by employing e...

In this paper we present a fully anonymous (for payer and payee) electronic payment scheme for B2B transactions involving high amounts, without using tamper resistant devices, without pseudonyms, and preventing double spending. Schemes with detection of double spending at deposit are not well suited for high amount transactions (merchants and banks don’t want to assume potential high losses). O...

A new scheme for electronic money is described where e-cash is created for a specific recipient in any transaction. This has benefits for the efficiency of implementing measures against double spending. Details of the scheme are provided to show that anonymity and transferability are still possible with recipient specific e-cash. The scheme ensures both authentication and integrity of the elect...

We present Bitcoin Security Tables computing the probability of success p(z, q, t) of a double spend attack by an attacker controlling a share q of the hashrate after z confirmations in time t.

The past few decades have been marked by a substantial increase in health spending Central and Eastern European countries. At the same time, healthcare systems experienced significant changes, as consequence of economic political transformation processes that these countries undergone after fall communism. aim this paper was to briefly present current situation trends financing Our approach is ...