Adolescence is characterized by vulnerability to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders including drug addiction, as well as prefrontal cortical refinement that culminates in structural stability in adulthood. Neuronal refinement and stabilization are hypothesized to confer resilience to poor decision making and addictive-like behaviors, although intracellular mechanisms are largely unkn...

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the preoptic area may undergo morphological changes during the pubertal period when their activities are upregulated. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of puberty onset, this study aimed to investigate the morphological changes of GnRH neurons in the preoptic area of GnRH-enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic rats. Under confocal laser ...

If you have chronic back or neck pain, you may have degenerative disc disease. This degenerative spinal condition is not really a disease—it’s the normal wear and tear process of aging on your spine. Unfortunately, as we age, our intervertebral discs (pillow-like pads between the bones in your spine) lose their flexibility, elasticity, and shock absorbing characteristics. When this happens, the...

Two new species of freshwater gastrotrichs are described from rice paddies in Otsu, Shiga, Japan. Lepidodermella acantholepida n. sp. is a medium sized species attaining a length of 145 microum, scales are flattened ovals and similar to those of L. squamata except that two dorsal scales near the furca have a claw-like spine. Dichaeturafilispina n. sp. is a medium sized species attaining a lengt...

The neck (cervical spine) is a flexible part of the human body and is particularly vulnerable to injury. Patients suspected of cervical spine injuries are often imaged using lateral view radiographs. Incorrect diagnosis based on these images may lead to serious long-term consequences. Our overarching goal is to develop a computer-aided detection system to help an emergency room physician correc...

this cross-sectional study is conducted to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic cervical spine subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis patients by plain radiographs and its relation to demographic and clinical characteristics, disease activity measures and medications. 100 rheumatoid arthritis patients (18 male and 82 female) were selected randomly, according to the american college of rheumato...

In the book ”Contemporary Endoscopic Spine Surgery”, edited by Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Jorge Felipe Ramírez León, and Anthony Yeung, information on history of spinal endoscopy is provided. A number aspects surgery are covered, in particular pain, preoperative examination, indications for endoscopic surgery, anesthesia, outpatient surgery. New technologies described. Leading scientists presented c...

background: dose assessment using proper dosimeters is especially important in radiation protection optimization and imaging justification in diagnostic radiology. objective: the aim of this study is to obtain the entrance skin dose (esd) of patients undergoing lumbar spine imaging using two thermoluminescence dosimeters tld-100 (lif: mg, ti) and gr-200 (lif: mg, cu, p) and also to obtain the a...