Guided by gender schema theory, the researchers explored gender stereotypes of female athletes through a 2x2 experimental design. Participants, 267 undergraduate students from a large southern university, read one of four versions of an online news article (a short news story with a photo) in which female athlete appearance (masculine/feminine) and the type of sport played (masculine/feminine) ...

Commercial gambling providers (CGPs) have recently intensified the promotion of their products and services through sport sponsorship. Consequently, gambling products and services now gain substantial exposure to large audiences via media broadcasts of sport. Due to the mainstream appeal of some sports, television audiences and fan-bases can include youth, at-risk and problem gamblers, who may ...

Background The use of dietary supplements to improve performance is becoming increasingly popular among athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Unfortunately, there is a tremendous lack of research being done regarding female athletes and the use of sport supplements. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) ingestion on resting meta...

The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games have stimulated discussions about the success of different sport systems and the Chinese model in particular. Revisiting explanations of sport in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe during the Cold War seems timely, as the current Chinese model of sport was largely designed after the Soviet example established in this period. This paper examines Bulga...

Cognitive appraisals of stressors encountered in sport organizations Sheldon Hanton a , Christopher R.D. Wagstaff b & David Fletcher c a Cardiff School of Sport , University of Wales Institute , Cardiff , UK b Department of Sport and Exercise Science , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK c School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK Publish...

b a ckground: the aim of this study was to determine the type and frequency of dietary supplements use among elite soccer players in 2011/12 season of iran’s premier football league. m ethods : this was a cross-sectional study. we randomly selected 13 teams from 18 teams in 2011/2012 season. all players of each team took part in our study. a total  of  234  soccer  players  enrolled  in  the  s...

The study analysed the experiences of participants on mass sport events, and explained the influence of such sport events on the lifestyle of runners. The study sample consisted of 664 participants of the 15th Ljubljana Marathon. The TRPS questionnaire was adjusted to establish the tourist roles. The role of sport tourists was assumed by 29.8% of all participants. Sport tourists who take variou...

Youth sport participants frequently report social reasons for their involvement in sport such as wanting to be part of a team or to be with friends, and social sources of positive and negative affect such as social recognition and parental pressure. Although a social view of sport has been recognized, youth sport motivation researchers have emphasized approaches centered on constructs related t...

This research aimed to (a) develop a measure of prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport, (b) examine its invariance across sex and sport, and (c) provide evidence for its discriminant and concurrent validity. We conducted two studies. In study 1, team sport athletes (N=1,213) recruited from 103 teams completed questionnaires assessing demographics and prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sp...

Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of imagery use in sport, but only few studies have examined the theoretically connection between imagery and confidence in team sports. These neglect necessitated the need to examine imagery use as predictors of elite football players’ sport confidence. Descriptive data were collected from forty-three male and female football players from Nigeria usin...