An understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying the atomization process from a spray device can reveal important information leading to more effective device design. A commercial nasal spray device exhibiting low pressure atomization was tested to obtain spray formation, its characteristics, droplet size distribution, and droplet velocity. High speed laser photography combined with an in...

Spray cooling of a hot surface was investigated to ascertain the effect o f nozzle-tosurface distance on critical heat flux ( CHF). Full cone sprays of Fluorinert FC-72 and FC-87 were used to cool a 12.7 X 12. 7 mm 2 surface. A theoretical model was constructed that accurately predicts the spray's volumetric flux (liquid volume per unit area per unit time) distribution across the heater surface...

This study demonstrated that natural foliage and artificial collectors range in surface wettability, affecting spray adhesion, retention, spreading and coverage. Therefore the choice of artificial collector or natural foliage depends on the scientific question. If the volume of spray available to the canopy, or spray accountancy, is to be determined then an artificial collector that will interc...

A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three selected botanicals namely leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica), Debdaru (Polyalthia longifolia) and datura (black) (Datura metel) along with Bavistin (Carbendazim) and BAU-biofungicide (Trichoderma harzianum) against leaf spot disease (tikka) of groundnut caused by Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum at the Fie...

Climate change might impact tree fecundity by altering the relative influences of meteorological and physiological drivers, modifying resource investment in reproduction. Using a 13-yr monitoring Quercus ilex reproduction rainfall exclusion experiment, we analysed interactive effects long-term increased aridity other environmental drivers on inter-annual variation (male flower biomass, number i...

background: vaccination is one of the most common painful procedures in infants. despite the irreparable consequences and complications of acute pain in infants, and existence of pharmacological and non‑pharmacological methods for pain control, pain control in infants has received less attention. therefore, this research aimed to compare the vaccination‑related pain in infants younger than 6 mo...

Cyanocobalamin occurs as dark red crystals or orthorhombic needles or crystalline red powder. It is very hygroscopic in the anhydrous form, and sparingly to moderately soluble in water (1:80). Its pharmacologic activity is destroyed by heavy metals (iron) and strong oxidizing or reducing agents (vitamin C), but not by autoclaving for short periods of time (15-20 minutes) at 121°C. The vitamin B...

Aim of the present study was to characterize the process of atomization and drying of layer-by-layer emulsions containing lecithin (single layer emulsion) and lecithin/chitosan (multilayer emulsion) and the oxidative stability of the spray-dried emulsions during storage. For this purpose, the analysis of the emulsion spray droplet size during atomization by two different atomization devices, i....

In order to master effectiveness situation of underground coal mine spray and dust reduction, analyze and improve the process of spray and dust reduction which effect is non-ideal, feasibility of introducing process capability analysis as scientific management method was investigated. Measuring tool was analyzed with measurement system analysis which guaranteed accuracy and precision of measure...