1. Global Energy Problems and the Role of Renewables 1.1. Energy demand 1.2. Energy, environmental problems and sustainable development 1.3. Water demand and consumption 1.4. Water and energy 1.5. Desalination and energy 1.6. Renewable energy technologies 2. Solar Collectors 2.1. Parabolic trough collectors 2.2. Fresnel collectors 2.3. Parabolic dish reflector 2.4. Heliostat field collector 3. ...

We describe a method for determining fluoride with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Tartrate and Tris-based total ionic strength adjustment buffers (TISABs) were found to lower the interference from aluminum to a greater extent than conventional citrate-based TISABs. We adopted a solid TISAB addition method that is simple to perform, and can be carried out without lowering the level of fluoride...

BACKGROUND The use of smokeless tobacco is considered as a risk factor for oral cancer. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to chemically analyze, separate and measure the existing substances in a type of chewing tobacco. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current descriptive study, the investigated sample was a type of smokeless tobacco, known as BT, manufactured in India. First steam distillatio...

The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from needles of six China endemic Pinus taxa (P. tabulaeformis, P. tabulaeformis f. shekanensis, P. tabulaeformis var. mukdensis, P. tabulaeformis var. umbraculifera, P. henryi and P. massoniana) were analysed by GC/MS. A total of 72 components were separated and identified by GC/MS from the six taxa. The major constituents of the essential oils...

Optimisation of steam extraction of oil from maritime pine needles S.A. REZZOUG University of La Rochelle, LEPTIAB. EA 4226, UFR Sciences. Avenue M. Crepeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France tel: 33 (5) 46 45 86 15; fax: 33(5) 46 45 86 16; e-mail : [email protected] Abstract Essential oil from pine maritime needles is generally extracted by steam distillation process at atmospheric pressure for more...