Abstract Rigid 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) are linear bioisosteres for para -substituted benzene rings in drug development and can lead to an improved pharmacokinetic profile. The construction of BCPs commonly requires the cumbersome use labile [1.1.1]propellane solution, more stable reagents do not show versatile reactivity propellane itself. Here we report thianthrenium-ba...

We present the frailtyHL package for fitting semi-parametric frailty models using hlikelihood. This package allows lognormal or gamma frailties for random-effect distribution, and it fits shared or multilevel frailty models for correlated survival data. Functions are provided to format and summarize the frailtyHL results. The estimates of fixed effects and frailty parameters and their standard ...

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The Choice Between Fixed and Random Effects Models: Some Considerations for Educational Research We discuss fixed and random effects models in the context of educational research and set out the assumptions behind the two approaches. To illustrate the issues, we analyse the determinants of pupil achievement in primary school, using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. ...