drought is random and nonlinear phenomenon and using linear stochastic models, nonlinear artificial neural network and hybrid models is advantaged for drought forecasting. this paper presents the performances of autoregressive integrated moving average (arima), direct multi-step neural network (dmsnn), recursive multi-step neural network (rmsnn), hybrid stochastic neural network of directive ap...

Microbially induced deterioration is a threat to concrete infrastructures in marine environments. Complex microbial biofilms form on surfaces exposed sea water and cause material deterioration. However, the mechanisms determining composition development of biofilm communities are poorly understood. We designed mesocosm experiment determine influence surface structure (smooth/rough) steel fiber ...

Performance evaluation of electricity distribution units is an important issue between researchers and regulators. Classic Data Envelopment Analysis models with deterministic data have been used by many authors to measure efficiency of power distribution units in different countries. However, Data Envelopment Analysis with stochastic data are rarely used to measure efficiency of distribution co...

Reduced seedling growth is a consequence of seed deterioration. The heterotrophic seedling growth can be considered as the product of three components: (1) initial seed weight, (2) the fraction of seed reserves which are mobilized, and (3) the conversion efficiency of mobilized seed reserves to seedling tissues. It is not clear which of these component (s) is affected by seed deterioration. To ...

We consider the maintenance of a mission-based system that is designed to perform missions consisting of a random sequence of phases or stages with random durations. A …nite state Markov process describes the mission process. The age or deterioration process of the system is described by another …nite state Markov process whose generator depends on the phases of the mission. We discuss optimal ...

seeds deterioration is a natural phenomenon that occurs in all seeds and leading to gradual decline of seed viability during storage. however, the rate at which seeds age depends upon their physiological status, genetic constitution and storage conditions. in the present study we the examined relationship between accumulation of reducing and non-reducing of sugars, soluble protein, the activity...