Our bodies use interferon (IFN) signalling as a central pathway to limit the spread of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. After pathogen exposure, IFN production leads to the activation of immune cells—such as natural killer cells, macrophages and T lymphocytes—which mediate pathogen clearance. There are two main types of IFN signalling, type I and II. In type I signalling, IFN...

A nthrax is an infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis (1, 2). The endospores of the bacterium are remarkably resistant to physical stress and highly infectious (2). In October 2001, the attacks on the World Trade Center were followed by an outbreak of anthrax in the United States after the intentional release of spores through contaminated letters, leading t...

We consider sex differences in human facial morphology in the context of developmental change. We show that at puberty, the height of the upper face, between the lip and the brow, develops differently in males and females, and that these differences are not explicable in terms of sex differences in body size. We find the same dimorphism in the faces of human ancestors. We propose that the relat...

Abstract: Elderly people are the most vulnerable group for high morbidity and mortality from Covid-19 need effort to meet their health needs. As nurses at front of fighting this pandemic in all geriatric settings, they have faced stress fear corona which can affect provided elderly care. Therefore, study aimed explore nurses' stress, relations care behaviors towards people. Research design: A c...

Penicillium marneffei, the pathogenic thermal dimorphic fungus is a causative agent of a fatal systemic disease, penicilliosis marneffei, in immunocompromised patients especially HIV patients. For growth and survival, this fungus has to adapt to environmental stresses outside and inside host cells and this adaptation requires stress signaling pathways and regulation of gene expression under var...

A pirate is a person who buys a legal copy of a copyrighted work and who reproduces it to sell illegal copies. Artists and authors are worried as they do not get the income which is legally theirs. It has been suggested to mark every copy sold with a unique fingerprint, so that any unauthorised copy may be traced back to the source and the pirate who bought it. The fingerprint must be embedded ...

Reacting, in part, to these and other sobering statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established the Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun Violence Program, which seeks to increase the effectiveness of existing strategies by enhancing and coordinating prevention, intervention, and suppression efforts and strengthening community linkages. This Bulletin describes the...

Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a biotrophic fungus provoking SBR disease. SBR poses a major threat to global soybean production. Though several R genes provided soybean immunity to certain P. pachyrhizi races, the pathogen swiftly overcame this resistance. Therefore, fungicides are the only current means to control SBR. However, insensitivity to fungicides is soaring in P. pachyrhizi and, therefore, ...